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Phase 1 - Anatomy > Anatomy - The External Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Anatomy - The External Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue loosely covers the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

Loose areolar tissue

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2
Q

What is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?

A

The medial pterygoid and pterygomandibular raphe (mandibular)

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3
Q

What is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?

A

The hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament

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4
Q

What is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?

A

Thyrophayngeus and Cricophayngeus Muscles

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus found at the posterior of the pharynx?

A

Vagus (CN X) and Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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6
Q

What is Killian’s dehiscence?

A

The weakest part of the pharyngeal wall Between diverging fibres of the inferior constrictor muscle

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7
Q

Describe the sympathetic chain found in the neck

A
  • 3 ganglia:
  • Superior cervical ganglion: prominent, just below the skull
  • Middle cervical ganglion: smaller
  • Inferior cervical ganglion: often fused with first thoracic ganglion to form the stellate ganglion
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8
Q

From which cranial nerve does the superior laryngeal nerve branch off? What 2 branches does it give off itself?

A

Vagus nerves 2 Branches: internal laryngeal nerve (sensation to larynx above vocal cords) and external laryngeal nerve (supplies cricothyroid and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor muscle)

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9
Q

What 2 arteries does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?

A

external and internal carotid artery

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10
Q

What is found at the origin of the internal carotid artery? How is it innervated?

A

carotid sinus (visible swelling) innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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11
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?

A

Sensory: Innervates the oropharynx, carotid body and sinus, posterior 1/3 of the tongue, middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube. Special sensory: Provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Parasympathetic: Provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland. Motor: Innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx.

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12
Q

What forms the ganglia on the sympathetic chains and vagus nerves?

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies

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13
Q

What is the name of the fused first thoracic and lower cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

The stellate ganglion

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14
Q

What structures are supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Sensation to the inside of the larynx down to the vocal cords and the cricothyroid muscle

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15
Q

Which special sensation is carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

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16
Q

What is the location of the carotid sinus and what sense does it detect?

A

The origin of the internal carotid artery; blood pressure.

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17
Q

Which structures lie immediately behind the pharyngeal wall?

A

A thin layer of loose areolar tissue and then the cervical vertebral bodies

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18
Q

Which parts of the pharynx lie below the lower border of the mandible?

A

The hypopharynx is also known as laryngopharynx

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19
Q

Where does the external pharynx begin and end?

A
  • at the base of the skull
  • the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
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20
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A
  • the base of the skull and the soft palate
  • continuous with the nasal cavity
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21
Q

What is found in the posterior superior nasopharynx area?

A

adenoid tonsils

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22
Q

Describe the histology of the nasopharynx?

A
  • respiratory endothelium
    • Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
23
Q

What the 4 structures found within the oropharynx?

A
  • Posterior one third of the tongue
  • lingual tonsils - lymphoid tissue at the base of the tongue
  • Palatine tonsils - lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa (between the palatoglossal and Palatino pharyngeal arches of the oral cavity)
24
Q

What does Waldeyer’s Ring consist of?

A

A ring of lymphoid tissue in the nasal and oral pharynx formed by the paired Palatine tonsils, adenoid tonsils and lingual tonsils

25
Q

What is the function of the Oropharynx?

A

The voluntary and in voluntary phases of swallowing

26
Q
A
27
Q

Describe the borders of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
  • Continuous with the oesophagus
28
Q

The muscles of the pharynx are mostly innovated by which nerve? What is the only exception?

A
  • All innovated by the vagus nerve
  • except the stylopharyngeus muscle
    • Innovated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve
29
Q

Name the three circular pharyngeal constrictor muscles? How are they innervated?

A
  • the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constructors
  • All innovated by the vagus nerve
  • Stacked like glasses forming an incomplete muscular circle attaching anteriorly to the structures in the neck
30
Q

Describe the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A
  • located in the oropharynx
  • Originates from the medial pterygoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe
  • Inserts posteriorly to the pharyngeal tubercle of the occiput and medial pharyngeal raphe
31
Q

Describe the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

A
  • located in the laryngopharynx
  • Originates from the styohyoid Ligament and horns of the hyoid bone
  • Inserts posteriorly to the pharyngeal raphe
32
Q

Describe the inferior pharyngeal constructor muscle?

A
  • located in the laryngopharynx
  • Has two components:
    • superior component (thyropharyngeus) has oblique fibres that attach to the thyroid cartilage
    • The inferior component (cricopharyngeus) has horizontal fibres that attach to the cricoid cartilage
33
Q

Describe the inner aspect of the constrictor muscles?

A
  • Lined by thick pharynogobasilar fascia
    • Attached to pharyngeal tubercle - the auditory (eustachian) tube and medial pterygoid plate
  • Fascia bridges the gap between the constrictor muscles and the base of the skull
34
Q
A
35
Q

Name the three longitudinal muscles? What is their function?

A
  • The stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
  • Actor shorten and widen the pharynx and elevate the larynx during swallowing
36
Q

Describe the stylopharyngeus Muscle?

A
  • arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone
  • Inserts into the pharynx
  • innovated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
37
Q

Describe the palatopharyngeus Muscle?

A
  • Arises from the hard palate of the oral cavity
  • inserts into the pharynx
  • innovated by vagus nerve
38
Q

Describe the salpingopharyngeus Muscle?

A
  • arises from the eustachian tube
  • Inserts into the pharynx
  • innovated by the vagus nerve
  • also opens the eustachian tube to equalise the pressure in the middle ear
39
Q
A
40
Q

Describe the motor and sensory innovation of the majority of the pharynx? What is the exception?

A
  • Pharyngeal plexus
  • except for the nasopharynx
41
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus made up and where is its location?

A
  • overlies the middle pharyngeal constructor muscle
  • pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
  • pharyngeal branches from the vagus nerve (CV 10)
  • branches from the external laryngeal nerve
  • sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion
42
Q

From which branch does the pharynx receive sensory innovation? What is the exception?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Anterior and superior aspect of nasopharynx is innovated by the maxillary nerve
  • inferior aspect of the laryngopharynx is innovated by the internal branch the vagus nerve
43
Q

All muscles of the pharynx are innovated by which nerve? What is the exception?

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • except the stylopharyngeus Longitudinal muscle which is innovated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
44
Q

Arterial supply to the pharynx is by the branches of which artery?

A
  • external carotid artery
    • ascending pharyngeal artery
    • Branches of the facial artery
    • branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries
45
Q

Name the swelling of the internal carotid artery? What occurs here and how is it innovated?

A
  • Carotid sinus
  • the origin of the internal carotid artery (where the common carotid artery bifurcates)
  • Innovated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
46
Q

Describe Venous drainage of the pharynx?

A

via the pharyngeal venous plexus which drains into the internal jugular vein

47
Q
A
48
Q

Describe the journey of the vagus nerve in the neck and its relation to the superior laryngeal nerve?

A
  • vagus nerve is in the carotid sheath
  • sensory ganglia just before entering the skull ( gets wider)
  • branches at the top of the neck to form the superior laryngeal nerve
    • passes over the carotid artery
    • disappears between the gap between the middle and inferior constrictor muscles
49
Q

Describe how the superior laryngeal nerve branches?

A
  • branches to form the internal laryngeal nerve
    • sensory nerve to the larynx above the vocal cords
  • external laryngeal nerve
    • supplies the crico-thyroid muscle and the crico-pharyngeus part of the inferior constructor muscle
50
Q

Describe the journey of the hypoglossal nerve?

A
  • between the internal carotid artery and the mandible
  • lateral to the carotid sheath
  • curves forward 90 degrees and disappears under the tongue
51
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the carotid sinus?

A
  • measures blood pressure
  • pressure on the carotid sinus can fall the sensory receptors into thinking the blood pressure is too high
  • sensory signals are sent to the brain by the glossopharyngeal nerve
  • in a return signal through the vagus nerve to slow the heart rate
  • it can be used on patients with a certain fast heart rate
52
Q

What can happen if the stroke causes Sensation loss from the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • When they swallow they can’t detect any fluid passing into the pharynx
  • Leads the fluid entering the lungs
  • Can cause infection
53
Q

What structures like immediately behind the pharyngeal wall?

A
  • thin layer of loose areola tissue then the cervical vertebrae bodies

Phase 1 - Anatomy (29 decks)

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