Anatomy - Neuroscience Flashcards
What is the hindbrain subdivided into? What are they all derived from?
- The medulla oblongata
- the pons
- the cerebellum
- derived from the mesencephalon
what is another name for the midbrain? what is it subdivided into?
- The mesencephalon
- the tectum, lies dorsal posterior to the cerebrum aqueduct)
- the cerebrum peduncle
- tegmentum
- crus cerebri
What is another name for the forebrain? And what is it divisible into and where they derived from?
- the prosencephalon
- diencephalon
- derived from the anterior part of the developing neural tube
- comprises of the thalamus and hypothalamus
- Telencephalon
- derived from the sea ruble physical of each side, and consisting of an outer layer of grey matter
- comprises of the cerebrum cortex and the basal ganglia
- diencephalon
What are gyri?
Rolls of cerebral cortex.
What are sulci?
Grooves/depressions between gyri.
What sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal?
The central sulcus.
What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?
The lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure).
Define insula.
A portion of cerebral cortex folded deep in the lateral sulcus; forms the floor of the lateral sulcus.
What divides the brain into right and left hemispheres?
The deep longitudinal fissure.
What white matter structure holds the hemispheres together?
The corpus callosum.
Within what lobe is broca’s area located?
The dominant (usually left) frontal lobe.
What is the function of Broca’s area?
Language production.
Within what lobe is Wernicke’s area located?
The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe.
What is the function of Wernicke’s area?
It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language.
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
In the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe.
What are the functions of the frontal lobes?
Motor function, problem solving, judgement, personality, social and sexual behaviour.
What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?
Higher cognitive functions e.g. personality.
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
In the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.
What are the functions of the parietal lobes?
Somatosensory function. The dominant lobe is involved in perception, interpretation of sensory information, language and mathematical operations. The non dominant lobe has visiospatial functions.
What cortex are located in the occipital lobes?
Primary visual and vision association cortex.
What cortex is located in the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex.
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Hearing, language comprehension (wernicke’s area). It also contains the hippocampus and amygdala.
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Important in the formation of long term memories.
What are the motor and sensory homunculi?
Proportional somatotopical representations of how much of the cortex innervates certain body parts.
How many horns does the lateral ventricle have and what are they called?
3 horns. Anterior, posterior and inferior.
What is the foramen between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle called?
The foramen of Munro.
What is the foramen between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?
The cerebral aqueduct.
What are the foramen called that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
The foramina of luschka (lateral) and the foramen of magendie (medial).
Where is choroid plexus located?
Along the choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle and in the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
How is CSF reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses?
Via arachnoid granulations. CSF drains through the endothelium into the dural venous sinus.
What are the 4 anatomical divisions of the corpus callosum?
- Rostrum. 2. Genu. 3. Body. 4. Splenium.
Which anatomical division of the corpus callosum lies most posteriorly?
The splenium.
What gyrus lies immediately above the corpus callosum?
The cingulate gyrus.
What structure forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?
The corpus callosum.
What are commissural fibres?
Fibres linking similar functional areas of the two hemispheres together e.g. the corpus callosum is composed of commissural fibres.
What is the brainstem composed of?
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblangata.
What structure divides the midbrain into dorsal and ventral parts?
The cerebral aqueduct.
What forms the dorsal midbrain?
The tectum.
What is the tectum of the midbrain composed of?
The inferior and superior colliculi.
What forms the ventral midbrain?
The cerebral peduncle.
What is the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain composed of?
A dorsal tegmentum and a ventral crus cerebri.
What structure divides the tegmentum from the crus cerebri?
The substantia nigra.
What are the crus cerebri?
White matter bundles emerging from the cerebral hemispheres.
What is the attachment between the midbrain and cerebellum called?
The superior cerebellar peduncles.
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Synthesises melatonin.
What is the midline sulcus on the ventral surface of the pons called?
The basilar sulcus (where the basilar artery lies).
What is the sulcus called that forms the caudal border of the pons?
The bulbopontine sulcus.
What is the medullary striae?
Ponto-cerebellar fibres that divide the floor of the 4th ventricle into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half.
What is the obex?
The inferior apex of the rhomboid fossa.
What are the midline fissures of the medulla called?
- The anterior median fissure (ventral). - The posterior median fissure (dorsal).
What is the medullary olive?
An eminence caused by the presence of the inferior olivary nucleus underneath. Located lateral to the ventrolateral sulcus.
What does white-matter contain?
Formed by collections of nerve fibres with few or no neural somata
What does grey matter contain?
Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies and local processes
What is neurophil?
the space between neuronal cell bodies
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
- outer endosteal layer (equivalent to the periosteum)
- inner meningeal layer (dura mater proper)
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What is the spinal reflex for the biceps?
C5/6.
What is the spinal reflex for the triceps?
C7/8.
What is the spinal reflex for the ankle?
S1/2.
