Anatomy - Neuroscience

Question 1

What is the hindbrain subdivided into? What are they all derived from?

Answer 1

• The medulla oblongata
• the pons
• the cerebellum
• derived from the mesencephalon

Question 2

what is another name for the midbrain? what is it subdivided into?

Answer 2

• The mesencephalon
• the tectum, lies dorsal posterior to the cerebrum aqueduct)
• the cerebrum peduncle
  
  • tegmentum
  • crus cerebri

Question 3

What is another name for the forebrain? And what is it divisible into and where they derived from?

Answer 3

• the prosencephalon
  
  • diencephalon
    
    • derived from the anterior part of the developing neural tube
    • comprises of the thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Telencephalon
    
    • derived from the sea ruble physical of each side, and consisting of an outer layer of grey matter
    • comprises of the cerebrum cortex and the basal ganglia

Question 4

What are gyri?

Answer 4

Rolls of cerebral cortex.

Question 5

What are sulci?

Answer 5

Grooves/depressions between gyri.

Question 6

What sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal?

Answer 6

The central sulcus.

Question 7

What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?

Answer 7

The lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure).

Question 8

Define insula.

Answer 8

A portion of cerebral cortex folded deep in the lateral sulcus; forms the floor of the lateral sulcus.

Question 9

What divides the brain into right and left hemispheres?

Answer 9

The deep longitudinal fissure.

Question 10

What white matter structure holds the hemispheres together?

Answer 10

The corpus callosum.

Question 11

Within what lobe is broca’s area located?

Answer 11

The dominant (usually left) frontal lobe.

Question 12

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Answer 12

Language production.

Question 13

Within what lobe is Wernicke’s area located?

Answer 13

The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe.

Question 14

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

Answer 14

It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language.

Question 15

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 15

In the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe.

Question 16

What are the functions of the frontal lobes?

Answer 16

Motor function, problem solving, judgement, personality, social and sexual behaviour.

Question 17

What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 17

Higher cognitive functions e.g. personality.

Question 18

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 18

In the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.

Question 19

What are the functions of the parietal lobes?

Answer 19

Somatosensory function. The dominant lobe is involved in perception, interpretation of sensory information, language and mathematical operations. The non dominant lobe has visiospatial functions.

Question 20

What cortex are located in the occipital lobes?

Answer 20

Primary visual and vision association cortex.

Question 21

What cortex is located in the temporal lobe?

Answer 21

Primary auditory cortex.

Question 22

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 22

Hearing, language comprehension (wernicke’s area). It also contains the hippocampus and amygdala.

Question 23

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 23

Important in the formation of long term memories.

Question 24

What are the motor and sensory homunculi?

Answer 24

Proportional somatotopical representations of how much of the cortex innervates certain body parts.

Question 25

How many horns does the lateral ventricle have and what are they called?

Answer 25

3 horns. Anterior, posterior and inferior.

Question 26

What is the foramen between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle called?

Answer 26

The foramen of Munro.

Question 27

What is the foramen between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?

Answer 27

The cerebral aqueduct.

Question 28

What are the foramen called that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

Answer 28

The foramina of luschka (lateral) and the foramen of magendie (medial).

Question 29

Where is choroid plexus located?

Answer 29

Along the choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle and in the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricle.

Question 30

How is CSF reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses?

Answer 30

Via arachnoid granulations. CSF drains through the endothelium into the dural venous sinus.

Question 31

What are the 4 anatomical divisions of the corpus callosum?

Answer 31

1. Rostrum. 2. Genu. 3. Body. 4. Splenium.

Question 32

Which anatomical division of the corpus callosum lies most posteriorly?

Answer 32

The splenium.

Question 33

What gyrus lies immediately above the corpus callosum?

Answer 33

The cingulate gyrus.

Question 34

What structure forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?

Answer 34

The corpus callosum.

Question 35

What are commissural fibres?

Answer 35

Fibres linking similar functional areas of the two hemispheres together e.g. the corpus callosum is composed of commissural fibres.

Question 36

What is the brainstem composed of?

Answer 36

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblangata.

Question 37

What structure divides the midbrain into dorsal and ventral parts?

Answer 37

The cerebral aqueduct.

Question 38

What forms the dorsal midbrain?

Answer 38

The tectum.

Question 39

What is the tectum of the midbrain composed of?

Answer 39

The inferior and superior colliculi.

Question 40

What forms the ventral midbrain?

Answer 40

The cerebral peduncle.

Question 41

What is the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain composed of?

Answer 41

A dorsal tegmentum and a ventral crus cerebri.

Question 42

What structure divides the tegmentum from the crus cerebri?

Answer 42

The substantia nigra.

Question 43

What are the crus cerebri?

Answer 43

White matter bundles emerging from the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 44

What is the attachment between the midbrain and cerebellum called?

Answer 44

The superior cerebellar peduncles.

Question 45

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 45

Synthesises melatonin.

Question 46

What is the midline sulcus on the ventral surface of the pons called?

Answer 46

The basilar sulcus (where the basilar artery lies).

Question 47

What is the sulcus called that forms the caudal border of the pons?

Answer 47

The bulbopontine sulcus.

Question 48

What is the medullary striae?

Answer 48

Ponto-cerebellar fibres that divide the floor of the 4th ventricle into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half.

Question 49

What is the obex?

Answer 49

The inferior apex of the rhomboid fossa.

Question 50

What are the midline fissures of the medulla called?

Answer 50

- The anterior median fissure (ventral). - The posterior median fissure (dorsal).

Question 51

What is the medullary olive?

Answer 51

An eminence caused by the presence of the inferior olivary nucleus underneath. Located lateral to the ventrolateral sulcus.

Question 52

What does white-matter contain?

Answer 52

Formed by collections of nerve fibres with few or no neural somata

Question 53

What does grey matter contain?

Answer 53

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies and local processes

Question 54

What is neurophil?

Answer 54

the space between neuronal cell bodies

Question 55

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

Answer 55

* outer endosteal layer (equivalent to the periosteum) * inner meningeal layer (dura mater proper)

Question 56

Name this

Answer 56

Question 57

Name this

Answer 57

Question 58

Name this

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Question 59

Name this

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Question 60

Name this

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Question 61

Name this

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Question 62

name this

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Question 63

name this

Answer 63

Question 64

name this

Answer 64

Question 65

What is the spinal reflex for the biceps?

Answer 65

C5/6.

Question 66

What is the spinal reflex for the triceps?

Answer 66

C7/8.

Question 67

What is the spinal reflex for the ankle?

Answer 67

S1/2.