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Phase 1 - Anatomy > Anatomy - Axilla, Brachial Plexus and Anterior Arm > Flashcards

Anatomy - Axilla, Brachial Plexus and Anterior Arm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 heads of the triceps?

A
  1. Long head (most medial). 2. Lateral head. 3. Medial head.
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2
Q

Which head of the triceps lies deepest?

A

The medial head - cannot be seen unless the lateral and long are dissected away.

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3
Q

What is the insertion of triceps?

A

Olecranon of the ulna.

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4
Q

What is the innervation of triceps?

A

The radial nerve.

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5
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is most likely to be affected in rotator cuff tendinitis?

A

Supraspinatus - tendon passes through a tight gap between the humerus and acromium of the scapula and so is prone to inflammation. ‘Painful arc’.

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6
Q

What spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1.

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7
Q

What are divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

Roots -> Trunk -> Divisions (anterior and posterior) -> Cords -> Branches.

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8
Q

What are the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Musculocutaneous. 2. Axillary. 3. Median. 4. Radial. 5. Ulnar.
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9
Q

What are the nerve roots for the musculocutaneous branch?

A

C5, 6, 7.

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10
Q

What muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve enter?

A

Coracobrachialis.

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11
Q

What are the nerve roots for the axillary branch?

A

C5, 6.

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12
Q

What are the nerve roots for the median branch?

A

C6, 7, 8, T1.

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13
Q

What are the nerve roots for the radial branch?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1.

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14
Q

What are the nerve roots for the ulnar branch?

A

C8, T1.

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15
Q

What are the names of the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Superior trunk. 2. Middle trunk. 3. Inferior trunk.
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16
Q

What nerve roots contribute to the superior trunk?

A

C5, C6.

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17
Q

What nerve roots contribute to the middle trunk?

A

C7.

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18
Q

What nerve roots contribute to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8, T1.

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19
Q

What divisions form the lateral cord?

A

The anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks.

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20
Q

What divisions form the posterior cord?

A

The posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks.

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21
Q

What divisions form the medial cord?

A

The anterior division of the inferior trunk.

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22
Q

What are the names of the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Lateral cord. 2. Posterior cord. 3. Medial cord.
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23
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Anterior flexors - brachialis, biceps brachii and coracobrachialis - BBC.

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24
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve give sensory innervation to?

A

Lateral forearm.

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25
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the musculotaneous nerve?

A

Flexion at the shoulder and elbow would be affected. Loss of sensation to the lateral forearms.

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26
Q

What does the axillary nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Abductors of the arm at the shoulder - teres minor, long head of triceps and deltoid.

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27
Q

What does the axillary nerve give sensory innervation to?

A

Innervates the skin over the lower deltoid.

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28
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the axillary nerve?

A

Unable to abduct the arm 15-90 degrees. Loss of sensation over the lower deltoid region.

29
Q

What does the median nerve give sensory innervation to?

A

Lateral palm of the hand and the lateral 3.5 fingers.

30
Q

What does the median nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Flexors in the anterior forearm, the thenar muscles and the lateral two lumbricals in the hand.

31
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the median nerve?

A

Flexion of the forearm would be weakened, thenar muscle atrophy, unable to make a fist with their hands - only the little and ring fingers can flex completely. Loss of sensation over the lateral palm and lateral 3.5 fingers.

32
Q

What does the radial nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Triceps brachii, responsible for extension at the elbow. It also innervates extensor muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm.

33
Q

What does the radial nerve give sensory innervation to?

A

Skin on the posterior side of the forearm and the posterior aspect of the hand.

34
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the radial nerve?

A

Unable to extend the forearm, wrist and fingers. Unopposed flexion of the wrist: ‘wrist drop’. Loss of sensation over the posterior forearm and hand.

35
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the ulnar nerve?

A

Unable to abduct and adduct the fingers. Movement of the little and ring fingers is reduced. A hand deformity called ‘ulnar claw’ will develop long term. Loss of sensation to the medial 1.5 fingers and medial palm.

36
Q

What does the ulnar nerve give sensory innervation to?

A

Medial 1.5 fingers and the medial palm.

37
Q

What does the ulnar nerve give motor innervation to?

A

Muscles of the hand, flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist) and medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus (flexes the fingers).

38
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

An area of transition between the arm and forearm.

39
Q

What muscle forms the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

Pronator teres muscle.

40
Q

What muscle forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachioradialis muscle.

41
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa lateral to medial?

A
  1. Biceps tendon. 2. Brachial artery. 3. Median nerve. (TAN)
42
Q

Does the median nerve lie lateral or medial to the brachial artery in the upper arm?

A

Laterally. It crosses to the medial side as it descends through the arm.

43
Q

What is the origin of brachialis?

A

Lower half of the anterior humerus.

44
Q

What is the insertion of brachialis?

A

Coronoid process of the ulna.

45
Q

What is the action of brachialis?

A

Flexion of the elbow joint.

46
Q

What muscle does brachialis lie deep to?

A

Biceps brachii.

47
Q

Biceps brachii: what is the origin of the long head?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

48
Q

Biceps brachii: what is the origin of the short head?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula.

49
Q

Where does the biceps tendon insert?

A

The tuberosity of the radius.

50
Q

What is the action of biceps?

A

Flexion of the elbow joint and supination of the forearm.

51
Q

What nerve lies on the superficial surface of serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve.

52
Q

What is the origin of deltoid?

A

Clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula.

53
Q

Name 3 nerves closely related to the humerus.

A
  1. Radius. 2. Ulnar. 3. Axillary.
54
Q

Transection of which cord of the brachial plexus produces paralysis of the biceps, brachialis and coracobrachialis?

A

Lateral cord.

55
Q

What is the main muscle to abduct the shoulder 0-15 degrees?

A

Supraspinatus.

56
Q

What is the main muscle to abduct the shoulder 15-90 degrees?

A

Deltoid.

57
Q

What are the main muscle(s) that abduct the shoulder greater than 90 degrees?

A

Trapezius and serratus anterior.

58
Q
A
59
Q
A

median nerve

60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

ulnar nerve

63
Q
A
64
Q

What are the 2 location where the ulnar nerve is often damaged?

A

At the elbow and at the wrist.

65
Q

What is the termination of the cephalic vein?

A

Terminates with the axillary vein.

66
Q

What artery are the cords of the brachial plexus in relation to?

A

The axillary artery.

67
Q

What artery are the trunks of the brachial plexus in relation to?

A

The subclavian artery.

68
Q

What are the nerve roots for the long thoracic nerve?

A

C5-7.

Phase 1 - Anatomy (29 decks)

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