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Phase 1 - Anatomy > Anatomy - The Anterior Neck and Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy - The Anterior Neck and Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is the midline connection called of the two lateral thyroid gland lobes?

A

Isthmus.

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2
Q

What tracheal rings does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie in front of?

A

2nd, 3rd and 4th.

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3
Q

Where do the thyroid arteries arise from?

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery - External carotid artery. 2. Inferior thyroid artery - Thyrocervical trunk, a branch of the Subclavian artery.
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4
Q

What vessels are contained within the carotid sheath?

A
  1. Carotid artery. 2. Jugular vein. 3. Vagus nerve.
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5
Q

What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid?

A

The manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle.

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6
Q

What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process.

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7
Q

What nerve(s) are related to the superior thyroid arteries?

A

The external laryngeal nerves.

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8
Q

What nerve(s) are related to the inferior thyroid arteries?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses the inferior thyroid artery.

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9
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland in relation to the vertebrae?

A

C5-T1

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10
Q

Why is it described as butterfly shaped?

A
  • consists of two lobes, left and right
  • Connected by central isthmus anteriorly
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11
Q

What compartment is the thyroid gland found in? what surrounds it?

A
  • Visceral compartment of the neck (Along with the trachea and oesophagus and pharynx)
  • this compartment is bound by the pretracheal fascia
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12
Q

What is associated on the anterior of the thyroid gland?

A
  • infrahyoid muscles
    • Sternothyroid
    • Superior value of the omohyoid and sternohyoid
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13
Q

What is associated on the lateral side of the thyroid gland?

A
  • carotid sheath
    • Contains the common carotid artery internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
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14
Q

What is associated on the medial side of the thyroid gland?

A
  • organs - larynx and pharynx trachea and oesophagus
  • nerves - external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves
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15
Q

Why does the thyroid gland have to be highly vasculated?

A

Because it secretes hormones directly into the circulation

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16
Q

Describe the 2 main arteries supplying the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery -
    • arises from the first branch of the external carotid artery
    • in close proximity to the external branch the superior laryngeal nerve
  • Inferior thyroid artery
    • arises from the thyrocervical trunk (Subclaavian artery)
    • lies in close proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
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17
Q

Describe the venous drainage from the thyroid gland?

A
  • venous plexus
    • made up from the superior middle and inferior thyroid veins
  • superior and middle veins drain into the internal jugular vein
  • inferior Vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein
18
Q

What is the innovation of the thyroid gland?

A
  • branches derived from the sympathetic trunk
  • no control of excretory functions gland ( regulated by the pituitary gland)
19
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

drains into the paratracheal and deep cervical nodes

20
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A
  • superiorly - inferior border of the mandible
  • Laterally - anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
  • medially - sagittal line down the midline of the neck
21
Q

What fascia covers the roof and the floor of the triangle?

A
  • investing fracture covers the roof
  • visceral covers the floor
22
Q

However muscles divided in relation to the hyoid bone?

A
  • suprahyoid muscles are located superiorly to the hyoid bone
  • Infrahyoid muscles are located inferiorly to the hyoid bone
23
Q

Describe the vasculation of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Common carotid artery bifurcates into the external and internal carotid branches
  • The internal jugular vein is responsible for venous drainage of the head and neck
24
Q

Name the cranial nerves found within the anterior triangle?

A
  • facial VII
  • loss of pharyngeal IX
  • Vagus X
  • accessory XI
  • hypoglossal XII
25
Q

Describe the 4 infra-hyoid muscles?

A
  • omohyoid
    • scapula to hyoid
    • 2 muscle bellies
    • Intermediate tendon, anchored to the clavicle
    • depresses the Hyoid bone
  • sternohyoid
    • sternum/sternoclavical joint to hyoid
    • depresses the hyoid bone
  • sternothyroid
    • manubrium of the sternum attaching to the thyroid cartilage
    • depresses the thyroid cartilage
  • thyrohyoid
    • thyroid cartilage to to the hyoid bone
    • depresses the hyoid, if higher bone is fixed it can elevate the larynx
26
Q

What is the plastysma?

A
  • thin ‘paper’ like muscle
  • originates from the fascia of the pectorails major and deltoid
  • inserts into the inferior border of the mandible
27
Q

Describe the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A
  • Originates at the sternum and clavicle
  • inserts into the mastoid process just behind the ear
28
Q

What are the parathyroid responsible for?

A
  • production of the parathyroid hormone
    • acts to increase the levels of serum calcium
29
Q

Describe the Anatomical location of the parathyroid glands?

A
  • Located in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
  • flattened oval shaped
  • situated externally to the thyroid gland itself
  • 2 Superior parathyroid glands - middle of the posterior border of each thyroid lobe
  • 2 inferior parathyroid glands - usually found near the inferior pause of thyroid gland
30
Q

Describe the vasculation of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Supplied by the inferior thyroid artery
  • Venous drainage us into the superior middle and inferior thyroid veins
31
Q

Describes the innovation of the parathyroid glands?

A

extensive supply of sympathetic nerves to rifle the thyroid branches of the cervical ganglia

32
Q

Describe the Anatomical location of the laryngeal nerves?

A
  • in the groove between the trachea and oesophagus is the recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • on the right is the recurrent laryngeal nerve wracking behind the subclavian artery
    • follows the groove between the oesophagus and the trickiest passes to the larynx
33
Q

What is found within the carotid sheath?

A
  • tuber fascia
    • carotid arteries
    • Jugular vein
    • vagus nerve X
34
Q

What occurs at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A
  • Bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries
  • At the bifurcation there are chemoreceptors
    • Measures the blood pH
    • feeds the control of breathing
  • Swelling in the internal carotid artery
    • carotid sinus
    • contains barren receptors which feeds into the blood pressure control system
35
Q

Describe how the vagus nerve gives rise to the recurrent laryngeal branch?

A
  • on the right the vagus nerve runs anterior to the subclavian artery
  • the inferior border of the subclavian artery branches to give rise to the recurrent laryngeal branch
    • which passes under and behind the subclavian artery before ascending into the larynx
    • in the groove between the oesophagus and trachea
36
Q

What is the clinical relevance of a diseased thyroid gland?

A
  • overproduce thyroxine results in low TRH and TSH
  • lumps in the thyroid will elevate with swallowing ( lumps in the lymph nodes will not)
  • As the virus around the trachea on three sides, lodgement can compress the trachea
  • the inferior pole of the thyroid is very close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, therefore making the nerve at risk from thyroid pathology and surgery
37
Q

What are the functions of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

depress the larynx

38
Q

Where do you create an emergency airway?

A

an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane

39
Q

What is the only complete real cartilage around the airway?

A

the cricoid cartilage - hyaline cartilage

40
Q

Why has a patient developed hypocalaemia after thyroid surgery?

A
  • Low calcium levels in blood
  • The parathyroid glands are responsible for the release of parathyroid hormone
    • which controls the levels of serum calcium
41
Q
A
42
Q
A

Phase 1 - Anatomy (29 decks)

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