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Phase 1 - Anatomy > Anatomy - Nasal and Oral Cavities > Flashcards

Anatomy - Nasal and Oral Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial cavity?

A

Through the jugular foramen.

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2
Q

What nerve supplies sensory and taste innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve.

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3
Q

What does elevation of the soft palate do?

A

It closes the orifice between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This occurse during swallowing to prevent food refluxing into the nose. It also occurs in phonation.

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4
Q

What nerve supplies sensory sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The trigeminal nerve, Cn 5.

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5
Q

What nerve supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The facial nerve, Cn 7.

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6
Q

What folds bind the tonsilar fossa?

A

Palatoglossal (anterior) and Palatopharyngeal (posterior) folds.

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7
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

The tonsils are a consolidation of lymphoid tissue. They prevent infection by stopping germs entering the mouth and nose.

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8
Q

Give 4 functions of the nasal cavity.

A
  1. Warms and humidifies air. 2. Olfaction. 3. Removes and traps pathogens. 4. Drains and clears para-nasal sinuses.
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9
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

They increase the SA of the nose and they disrupt the fast flow of air. This means the air spends more time in the nasal cavity so it can be humidified.

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10
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct.

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11
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

The frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses open at the hiatus semilunaris. The middle ethmoid sinus opens onto the ethmoidal bulla.

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12
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

The posterior ethmoid sinus.

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13
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity?

A

At the spheno-ethmoidal recess.

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14
Q

Why does the nose have a rich vascular supply?

A

This means it can change the humidity and temperature of inspired air.

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15
Q

What nerve supplies general sensation to the nose?

A

Branches of the trigeminal nerve.

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16
Q

What are the 4 functions nasal cavity?

A
  • warms and humidifiers inspired
  • Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air.
  • Responsible for a sense of smell.
  • Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts.
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17
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Vestibule – the area surrounding the anterior external opening to the nasal cavity.
  • Respiratory region – lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.
  • Olfactory region – located at the apex of the nasal cavity. It is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors.
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18
Q

What are the 3 projections of bone into the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A
  • conchae – inferior, middle and superior
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19
Q

What the pathways under the conchae called? What is another recess for air to flow?

A
  • Inferior meatus – between the inferior concha and floor of the nasal cavity.
  • Middle meatus – between the inferior and middle concha.
  • Superior meatus – between the middle and superior concha.
  • Spheno-ethmoidal recess – superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha.
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20
Q

What is the functions of the conchae?

A
  • The function of the conchae is to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
    • increases the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls
  • They also disrupt the fast, laminar flow of the air, making it slow and turbulent
    • air spends longer in the nasal cavity so that it can be humidified.
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21
Q

What has openings in the middle meatus?

A
  • The frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses
  • middle ethmoidal opens in the lateral wall of the middle meatus
  • marked by the semilunar hiatus, a crescent-shaped groove on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
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22
Q

Where the middle and posterior ethmoidal sinus’ open up into?

A
  • Middle: Ethmoidal bulla
    • a bulge in the lateral wall formed by the middle ethmoidal sinus itself.
  • Posterior: at the level of the superior meatus.
23
Q

What is the only structure that doesn’t open into the lateral walls of the nasal cavity? Where does it open up into?

A
  • sphenoid sinus
  • Drains onto the posterior roof.
24
Q

What are the 2 other structures that open into the nasal cavity and where do they open up?

A
  • Nasolacrimal duct
    • acts to drain tears from the eye.
      • It opens into the inferior meatus.
  • Auditory (Eustachian) tube
    • opens into the nasopharynx at the level of the inferior meatus
    • Allows the middle ear to equalise with the atmospheric air pressure.
25
Q

Describe the 2 Palatine Arches?

A
  • Also knows as ‘Folds’, they are the 2 thin sheets of muscle that look like 2 sets of curtains as the back of the oral cavity, separating it from the oropharynx.
    • Palatoglossus is the most anterior arch
    • Palatopharyngeus is the most posterior arch
      • The palatine tonsils are located between the two arches.
26
Q

Describe the cribriform plate?

A
  • Sieve-like sheet of bone at the very top of the nasal cavity.
  • Fibres of the Olfactory Nerve (responsible for the sense of smell) pass through this bone.
27
Q

Describe Eustachian’s Tube?

A
  • Tube between the nasal cavity and middle ear cavity
  • Allows air pressure to equalise on either side of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
  • Can get blocked by nasal oedema or mucus (e.g. in respiratory tract infections like the common cold).
  • Drains into the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity, roughly in line with the inferior meatus.
28
Q

Describe the infra-orbital Nerve?

A
  • Nerve that supplies sensation to the skin over the cheek.
  • Runs in a groove in the superolateral wall of the maxillary sinus.
29
Q

Describe the vasculature of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Internal carotid branches:
    • Anterior ethmoidal artery
    • Posterior ethmoidal artery
  • External carotid branches:
    • Sphenopalatine artery
    • Greater palatine artery
    • Superior labial artery
    • Lateral nasal arteries
30
Q

What are paranasal sinuses? Name them?

A
  • The paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity.
  • 4 pairs: (named according to the bone in which they are located)
    • maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid.
  • Each sinus is lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.
31
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinus’

A
  • to lighten the skull,
  • humidify inhaled air,
  • increase vocal resonance
  • act as ‘crumple-zones’ in facial trauma
  • Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity
32
Q

Describe the frontal sinus?

A
  • 2 located within the frontal bone of the skull.
  • most superior of the paranasal sinuses, and are triangular in shape.
  • Drainage is via the frontonasal duct.
    • into the hiatus semilunaris, within the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
  • Sensation: supraorbital nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve)
  • arterial supply: anterior ethmoidal artery (a branch of the internal carotid).
33
Q

Describe the sphenoid sinus?

A
  • within the sphenoid bone.
  • They open out into supero-posterior to the superior cocha – known as the spheno-ethmoidal recess.
  • innervation: posterior ethmoidal nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and branches of the maxillary nerve.
  • Blood supply: pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries.
34
Q

Describe the ethmoidal sinuses?

A
  • 3 located within the ethmoid bone:
    • Anterior – Opens onto the hiatus semilunaris (middle meatus)
    • Middle – Opens onto the lateral wall of the middle meatus
    • Posterior – Opens onto the lateral wall of the superior meatus
  • innervation: anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve and the maxillary nerve.
  • blood supply: anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
35
Q

Describe the Maxillary sinues?

A
  • largest of the sinuses
  • located laterally and slightly inferiorly to the nasal cavities.
  • drain into hiatus semilunaris, underneath the frontal sinus opening.
  • potential pathway for spread of infection – fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus.
36
Q

Describe the Lingual Frenulum?

A
  • Fold of mucosa on the underside of the tongue at the front that tethers the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
  • The submandibular salivary ducts drain into the mouth on both sides of the base of the lingual frenulum.
37
Q

What do the muscle fibres of the tongue attach to?

A
  • the ramus of the mandibule
  • hyoid bone
38
Q

Describe the anenoids?

A
  • lies on the posterior pharyngeal wall level with the soft palate
  • consolidation of lymphathtics
39
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the palate formed of?

A
  • palatine process of the maxillary bone (anteriorly)
  • horizontal planes of the palatine bone (posteriorly)
  • makes up the hard palate
40
Q

What is the posterior 1/3 of the palate formed of?

A
  • is the muscular soft palate
  • tensor palatine, levator palatine, musculus uvuli, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles
41
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A
  • control the orifice between the nasal and oral parts of the pharynx
  • Elevation closes the orifice
    • occurs during swallowing to stop reflux of food into the nasopharynx and during phonation to allow the production of explosive consonants
42
Q

What is the anterior cartilagenous septum and the posterior bony nasal septum made of? What covers it?

A
  • anterior: fibrocartilage
  • Posterior: vomer and vertical plate of the ethmoid bones.
  • covered with muco-periosteum, a combination of mucous membrane (respiratory mucosa) attached to the periosteum and perichondrium of the bones and cartilage of the septum.
43
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the adenoids?

A
  • In children, adenoids are close to the opening of the Eustachian tube
  • persistent enlargement of the adenoids due to repeated throat infections often leads to middle ear infection and conductive deafness.
  • The treatment is to remove the adenoids and create an artificial passage into the middle ear to ‘bypass’ the diseased Eustachian tube.
    • This is done by placing a tiny plastic tube through the eardrum directly into the middle ear cavity; a grommet.
44
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus less efficient in draining?

A
  • lowest point the communication for the maxillary sinus is near the top of the sinus.
  • This results in less efficient drainage of mucous from the maxillary sinus and an increased incidence of maxillary sinusitis.
  • At night if the patient lies on their side with the affected maxillary sinus uppermost then drainage will occur and aid recovery.
45
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

To equalize the air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

46
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus more prone to infection?

A

The opening into the nasal cavity is at the top of the sinus so it does not drain easily

47
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A
  • General sensation – Trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch (cranial nerve Vc)
  • Taste sensation, facial nerve, (cranial nerve VII)
  • Muscles, hypoglossal nerve, (cranial nerve XII)
48
Q

Where do the ducts for the submandibular salivary glands open into the mouth?

A

Below the tongue

49
Q

Why may disease in the maxillary sinus cause numbness of the cheek?

A

The nerve which gives sensation to the cheek passes in the roof of the maxillary sinus.

50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q

Give 4 functions of the paranasal sinuses.

A
  1. Lighten the head. 2. Warm and humidify air. 3. Speech resonance. 4. Protection against facial trauma.

Phase 1 - Anatomy (29 decks)

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