Anatomy 4 - Intro to the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Components of the axial skeleton
Cranium, vertebrae, hyoid, sternum and ribs
Components of the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, femur, phlanges, patella, tibia, fibula and metatarsals
Where would you find compact bone tissue
The outer layer of all bones
What type of bone is found on the inside of bones
Spongey or cancellous bone
What is contained within cancellous bone
Trabeculae
What are trabeculae
Lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates
What is found between the trabeculae
Red bone marrow
Different classes of bones
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone and sesamoid
Characteristic of long bones
Their height is greater than their width
Characteristic of a short bone
Usually pretty compact, their height and width are usually the same
Example of a long bone
Humorous, phalanges and metacarpals
Example of a short bone
The bones found in the wrist and ankle
Characteristic of flat bones
They are thin sheets of bone
Example of a flat bone
The side of the skull and the scapula
Characteristic of an irregular bone
They dont have any… they’re irregular
Example of an irregular bone
The vertebrae
Characteristic of a sesamoid bone
They are embedded in a tendon
Example of a sesamoid
The patella and the bone underneath the metatarsal (tarsal bone)
Three classifications of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Describe fibrous joints
Made up of fibrous material that connects the bones, exhibit little or no movement and have no joint cavity
Describe cartilaginous joints
Made up of cartilage between the bones, they exhibit little or no movement and have no joint cavity
Six sub classifications of synovial joints
Plane (gliding), condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot and ball and socket
Functions of muscles
Movement of the skeleton and organs, posture and body support and heat production
The three muscle types are
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
Example of smooth muscle
The intestines
Example of cardiac muscle
The heart
Example of skeletal muscle
The biceps
Three categories of muscles are
Fusiform, broad sheet and pennate
Description of fusiform muscles
Tendon on each side with a belly of muscle in the middle
Description of broad sheet muscles
Have flat sheet of tendon running along the length of them with muscle fibres coming off of one side
The name for the flat sheet of tendon in broad sgheet muscles is
Aponeurosis
Example of fusiform muscle
Biceps brachii
Example of broad sheet muscle
External abdominal obliques
Three types of pennate muscle
Unipennate, bipennate and multipennate
Description of unipennate
Has a tendon running along the length of it with muscle fibres attached to one side
Description of bipennate
Has a tendon running down the middle with muscle fibres coming off each side
Description of multipennate
Has many tendons running through it with muscle fibres running diagonally from all the tendons
Example of unipennate muscle
Flexor halluces longus
Example of bipennate muscle
Rector femoris
Example of multipennate muscle
Deltoid
Prime movers/agonists definition
Muscles which move a joint
Synergists definition
Assist work of prime movers
Muscles who itch oppose the prime movers are known as
Antagonists
What muscles contract to prov ide support, hold a joint in palace and maintain posture
Stabilisers/fixators
Description of plane joints
Permit gliding and sliding, opposed surfaces of the bones are almost always flat and dithery have limited movement
Description of hinge joints
Permit flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, joint capsules are thin and the bones are held strongly in place by collateral ligaments
Description of saddle joints
Permit abduction, adduction, flexion and extension in the sagittal and frontal planes and circumduction can be performed
Description of a condyloid joint
Permits flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction, movement in one plane is greater than the other and can perform circumduction but not greatly
Description of ball and socket joints
Allow for movement in multiple planes and axis, permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circuumduction
Description of pivot joints
Permits rotation around a central axis
Which joints are uniaxial
Hinge joints and pivot joints
Which joints are biaxial
Saddle joints and condyloid joints
Which joints are multiaxial
Ball and socket joints
What type of joints are nonaxial
Plane joints
Example of plane joint
Acromioclavicular (between the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula)
Example of hinge joint
Elbow joint
Example of saddle joint
Carpo-metacarpal joint (joint at the base of the thumb)
Example of condyloid joint
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle joints)
Example of ball and socket joint
Hip joint
Example of pivot joint
Atlanto-axial joint (C1 and C2 vertebrae)
Draw and label a synovial joint
- Bony articular surface
- Hyaline cartilage
- Ligaments (inelastic, tough, provide stability, attached to bones surrounding joints)
- Capsule (surrounds joint)
- Synovial membrane (surrounds joint, lines capsule, secretes synovial fluid)
- Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
