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Second Year - Anatomy CA21007 > Anatomy 11 - Histology of Muscles > Flashcards

Anatomy 11 - Histology of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a muscle

A

A band or bundle of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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3
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Striated, voluntary, and contains multiple nuclei

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4
Q

Where do the nuclei of skeletal muscle lie

A

At the periphery of the fibre, just under the cell membrane

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane known as in uncle cells

A

The sarcolemma

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6
Q

Groups of muscle fibres are known as

A

Fascicles

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7
Q

Connective tissue surrounding the muscle as a whole is known as

A

The epimysium

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8
Q

Connective tissue around each individual fascicle is known as

A

The perimysium

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9
Q

Connective tissue around each single muscle fibre is known as

A

The endomysium

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10
Q

What are the smallest contractile fibres in a muscle

A

Sarcomeres

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11
Q

Hundreds of thousands of sarcomeres join together to form

A

A myofibril

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12
Q

What does cardiac muscle form

A

The major parts of the walls of the heart chambers and origins of the great vessels

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13
Q

Characteristic of cardiac muscle

A

Striated (but not as prominent as skeletal), branch to form a complex network and have a single nucleus

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14
Q

Where is the nucleus of cardiac cells found

A

Near the centre of the fibres

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15
Q

What do cardiac myocytes have

A

An intrinsic rhythmic contraction

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16
Q

What do gap junctions allow for

A

Synchronisation of contraction between cells and allow for waves of electrical excitation to sweep through the tissue

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17
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

It is involuntary, visceral, has no visible striations and has a single nucleus

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18
Q

Where is smooth muscle predominantly found

A

In organs

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19
Q

What are the fibres of smooth muscle like

A

They are elongated, spindle-shaped cells

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20
Q

The nucleus of smooth muscle

A

Is cigar-shaped and lies in the centre of each fibre

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21
Q

What muscle fibres allow for contraction

A

Actin and myosin

22
Q

The specialised smooth ER in muscle cells is known as

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

What ion is in high concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ca++

24
Q

What neurotransmitter is release in muscle cells

A

Acetylecholine

25
Q

What are the tubules within muscle cells known as

A

Transverse tubules or T-tubules

26
Q

What lies on either side of the T-tubules

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

What is collectively known as a triad

A

T-tubule and the two branches of sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side

28
Q

What does acetylcholine cause to be released in the muscle cell

A

An action potential

29
Q

What does the action potential in the muscle cell cause the release of

A

Ca++

30
Q

What does the release of Ca++ cause within the muscle fibres

A

It cause the myosin fibrils to ratchet across the actin fibrils

31
Q

What are muscles normally connected to bone by

A

A tendon

32
Q

The college of the tendon joins the muscle fibres to form a

A

Myotendinous junction

33
Q

What anchors the muscle fibres to the tendon

A

Complex interdigitations

34
Q

A tendons blood supply is

A

Poor, which means it is difficult to heal

35
Q

What provides information on how much stretch/tension there is within the muscle

A

Specialised sense organs

36
Q

What are the specialised sense organs in muscles known as

A

Muscle spindles

37
Q

What do muscle spindles contain

A

Special muscle fibres

38
Q

What are normal contractile muscle fibres known as

A

Extrafusal fibres

39
Q

What makes up a motor unit

A

The motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervates

40
Q

How does the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit relate to the control

A

The fewer the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit, the finer the control

41
Q

What is the synapse of a motor neurone called

A

The motor end plate

42
Q

Which type of muscle tissue retains a population of myoblasts

A

Skeletal

43
Q

What are myoblasts within skeletal muscle tissue known as

A

Satellite cells

44
Q

Where are satellite cells found

A

Pressed against the outer surface of the sarcolemma, under the surrounding basal lamina

45
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Following damage they become active and proliferate to form new muscle fibres

46
Q

What competes with the newly formed muscle fibres of satellite cells

A

Scar tissue

47
Q

In what type of muscle tissue is there only a small population of stem cells

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

48
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found

A

It composes the gross skeletal muscle of the muscular system

49
Q

Function of skeletal muslce

A

Too move or stabilise bones and other structures

50
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

In the walls of the tubes: the gut, respiratory tract, blood vessels and the uterus
It is also found in the iris of the eye

Second Year - Anatomy CA21007 (18 decks)

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