Anatomy 10 - Connective Tissue

Question 1

Connective tissue consists of cells embedded in

Answer 1

Large quantities of extracellular matrix

Question 2

The extracellular matrix is composed of

Answer 2

Protein fibres, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid

Question 3

What are the two categories of connective tissue

Answer 3

Soft connective tissue and hard connective tissue

Question 4

Examples of soft connective tissue

Answer 4

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs and dermis of skin

Question 5

Examples of hard connective tissue

Answer 5

Bone and cartilage

Question 6

How is the type of connective tissue determined

Answer 6

By the type and relative amount if cells and the extracellular matrix

Question 7

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 7

Space filler, mechanical support, attachment, protection, highway for nutrients and innervation, fat store, calcium store and the site of many immunological defence reactions

Question 8

What are the resident cells of connective tissue

Answer 8

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes

Question 9

What are osteocytes

Answer 9

The cells of bones

Question 10

What are chondrocytes

Answer 10

The cells of cartilage

Question 11

What do fibroblasts produce/maintain

Answer 11

The extracellular matrix

Question 12

What cell is involved in tissue repair

Answer 12

Fibroblasts

Question 13

Types of fibres found within the extracellular matrix

Answer 13

Reticular and elastic fibres

Question 14

What is ground substance

Answer 14

An amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 15

What are GAGs bound to

Answer 15

Protein cores

Question 16

What is a GAG bound to a protein core called

Answer 16

Glycoprotein

Question 17

What is the function of adipose cells

Answer 17

Release fatty acid into the bloodstream to provide energy for other cells

Question 18

Most common type of connective tissue

Answer 18

Loose CT

Question 19

Characteristics of loose CT

Answer 19

Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substances

Question 20

Characteristics of dense CT

Answer 20

It is made up of densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

Question 21

If the fibres of dense CT are aligned it is known as

Answer 21

Dense regular CT

Question 22

Example of dense regular CT

Answer 22

Tendon

Question 23

If in dense CT the fibre bundles run in many directions it is known as

Answer 23

Dense irregular CT

Question 24

Example of dense irregular CT

Answer 24

Dermis of the skin

Question 25

Characteristics of cartilage

Answer 25

It is semi-rigid, consists of scattered cells surrounded by an amorphous appearing extracellular matrix, it is deformable, permeable, cells are nourished by diffusion and they grow appositional and interstitially

Question 26

Characteristics of bone

Answer 26

It is rigid, non-permeable, the cells within the bone are nourished by blood vessels that provide the matrix and they grow appositionally only

Question 27

Functions of bone

Answer 27

Provide support, act as levers for movement, protection, calcium store and the site of haemopoiesis

Question 28

What are the three types of cartilage

Answer 28

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 29

Where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 29

Articular surfaces, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, epiphyseal growth plates and is the precursor to bone in the foetus

Question 30

What is found in the extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage

Answer 30

Elastic fibres

Question 31

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 31

In the pinna of the ear, epiglottis and auditory tube

Question 32

What is fibrocartilage made up of

Answer 32

Dense regular CT, islands of cartilage cells and cartilage matrix

Question 33

Where is fibrocartilage found

Answer 33

In the intervertebral discs, where tendons insert into bones and in the pubic symphysis

Question 34

Cartilage surrounded by connective tissue is called

Answer 34

The perichondrium

Question 35

What are the layers of the perichondrium

Answer 35

An outer layer of dense CT and associated fibroblasts | An inner chondrogenic layer

Question 36

What does the outer layer of the perichondrium provide

Answer 36

Support

Question 37

What does the inner layer of the perichondrium provide

Answer 37

It supplies nutrients to the whole of the cartilage

Question 38

What is bone comprised of

Answer 38

Water, collagen, non-collagen proteins and calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 39

What do osteoblasts secrete

Answer 39

Collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans and other organic compounds

Question 40

What are the secretions of the osteoblasts collectively known as

Answer 40

Osteoid

Question 41

Function of osteoblasts

Answer 41

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

Question 42

What are osteocytes

Answer 42

Bone cells trapped within the bone matrix

Question 43

What are osteoclasts

Answer 43

Large, multinucleated cells found on the surface of bone

Question 44

Function of osteoclasts

Answer 44

Bone reabsorption

Question 45

What are osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 45

They are located on the surface of bones and serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

Question 46

Inactive periosteum

Answer 46

No bone is being formed

Question 47

Active periosteum

Answer 47

New bone is being formed

Question 48

What happens to osteoprogenitor when new bone is being formed

Answer 48

They proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 49

What is the endosteum

Answer 49

A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of bony tissue

Question 50

Functions of the endosteum

Answer 50

Repair, remodel and grow bone