Anatomy 16 - Anatomy and Histology of the Nervous System Flashcards
Nerves that take information to the brain are known as
Afferent nerves
Nerve that take informatoin from the brain are known as
Efferent nerves
What is the nervous system composed of
The central nervous system and the periperal nervous system
What is the function of the nervous system
To control and coordinate the function of organ systems
What are the three membranous layers that cover the brain
The pia mater, the arichnoid mater and the dura mater
What are the three membranous lyaers that cover the brain known as
The meninges
What surrounds and protects the CNs
The meninges and the ceribrospinal fluid
What is the innermost meningal covering
The pia mater
What is the middle meningal covering
The arichnoid mater
What is the outermst meningal covering
The dura mater
What is the dura mater intimately related to
The internal aspect o the bone surrounding the neurocranium
What separates the dura mater from the surrounding bone in the vertebral column
A fat filled epidural space
What are the main arteries that supply the brain
The common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid and vertebral arteries
What is formed when the vertebral arteries join
The basilar artery
What arteries come from the bifurcation of the basilar artery
The anterior and middle cerebral arteries
What arises from the external carotid artery
the middle meningeal artery
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull
Through the foramen spinosum
What drains blood from the brain
The dural venous sinuses
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood into
The internal jugular vein
What veins drain the head
The anterior jugular, external jugular, internal jugular, vertebral and retromandibular veins
What are the brain and spinal cord composed of
Grey matter and white matter
Where are the nerve cell bodies found
Within the grey matter
Where are the interconnecting fibre tract systems found
Within the white matter
What is held within the grey matter
Neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells
What is held within the white matter
Axons and their support cells
What is the appearance of the grey matter in the spinal cord
An h-shaped area
What is the outer layer of matter in the spinal cord
White matter
What are the two principle cells of the nervous system
Neurons and glial cells
Functions of neurons
Recieve information, integrate he information and then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron/effector cell
What are the four tyes of glial cells
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
What glial cells have many processes and are usually star-shaped
Astrocytes
Function of astrocytes
Support, maintaining the blod-brain barrier and environmental homeostasis
What type of ytissue is not found within the CNS
Conective tissue
Function of oligodendrocytes
Produce myelin but only in the CNS
Function of microglia
They are involved in immune monitoring and antigen presentation
WHat are cuboidal/columnar epithelium
Ependymal cells
Principle roles of the CNS
To integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing nerual signals and to carry out higher mental function
What systems are found within the brain
Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system and endocrine functions
In the CNS a collection of nerve cell bodies is known as
A nucleus
In the CNS a bundle of fibres is known as
Tracts
What is the function of bundles of fibres within the CNS
To connect the nuclei
What does the PNS consist of
Nerve fibres and cell bodies that lie outside the CNS
What makes up a nerve of the PNS
A cell body with a nucleus, an axon and a myelin sheath
Nerves that leave the cranium are known as
Cranial nerves
Nerve that leave the vertebral column are known as
Spinal nerves
Within the PNS cell body aggregations constitue a
Ganglion
Within the PNS what do a bundle of fibres, the connective tissue and blood vessels serving it constitue
A nerve
What constitues the autonomic nervous sytem
Motor fibres
What does the ANS stimulate
Smooth muscle, modified cardiac muscle and glandular cells
What are the two systems of the ANS
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Where are the cell bodies of presynaptic nerurons of the sympathetic system found
In the nuclei of the spinal cord/the intermedoilateral cell columns
Where are the cell bodies of the postsynaptic neurones of the smpathetic system found
The paravertebral ganglia and the prevertebral ganglia
Where is the paravertebral ganglia
The left and right synaptic trunks on each side of the vertebral column
Where is the prevertebral ganglia
In the plexus that surround the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
What is the primary function of the symapthetic system
To regulate blod vessels
Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres that exit the CNS with cranial nerves are known as
Cranial parasympathetic outflow
Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres that exit through the anterior roots of the sacral spinal nerves and pelvic splanchic nerves are known as
Sacral parasympathetic outflow
What type of system is the sympathetic system
Catabolic
What type of system is the parasympathetic system
Anabolic/homeostatic
