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Second Year - Anatomy CA21007 > Anatomy 18 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Anatomy 18 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A system of ductless glands that regulate bodily function via hormones

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine system

A

It maintains homeostasis, it helps the body react to stress, it is a major regulator of growth and development and it controls physical and behavioural activities

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3
Q

How does it maintain homeostasis

A

By regulating activities such as the concentration of chemicals in body fluids and the metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

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4
Q

What are the tissues/glands within the endocrine system known as

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

What do endocrine glands do

A

They secrete chemicals into extracellular space

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6
Q

What are the chemicals secreted by the glands called

A

Hormones

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7
Q

How is it determined which cells are acted on by specific hormones

A

Only cells with the compatible receptors will be affected by specific hormones

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8
Q

What are the three ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated

A

Hormonal, humoral and neural

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9
Q

What is hormonal stimulation

A

When the stimulation of a gland occurs through hormones being secreted from somewhere else e.g. the pituitary stimulating the thyroid

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10
Q

What is humoral stimulation

A

The stimulation of a target gland through the presence of a molecule within the bloodstream

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11
Q

What is neural stimulation

A

Stimulation of a gland via direct signals from the nervous system

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12
Q

What are the central glands of the endocrine system

A

The pineal and pituitary glands

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13
Q

What are the peripheral glands of the endocrine system

A

The thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal/suprarenal glands and the pancreas

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14
Q

Where is the pineal gland situated

A

In the roof of the 3rd ventricle

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15
Q

What are the cells within the pineal gland called

A

Pinealocytes

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16
Q

What is the major secretory product of the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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17
Q

What is melatonin involved in

A

Regulating sleep

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland split into

A

The anterior and posterior pituitary

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19
Q

What is the pineal gland involved in regulating

A

Day/night cycles

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20
Q

What is the anterior pituitary composed of

A

Glandular tissue

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21
Q

Function of the anterior pituitary

A

To manufacture and release hormones

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22
Q

Hormones released from where control secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

The ventral hypothalamus

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23
Q

Through what system is the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary controlled

A

The hypophyseal portal system

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24
Q

What is the posterior pituitary composed of

A

Neural tissue

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25
Function of posterior pituitary
Acts as a storage area and releases neurohormones
26
Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary made
The hypothalamus
27
Where is the pituitary located
In the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone
28
What takes up hormones released by the pituitary
The bloodstream
29
What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and prolactin
30
What regulates growth hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone
31
What does growth hormone target
The liver, muscle, bone and cartilage
32
What regulates thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid releasing hormone and feedback
33
What is thyroid regulating hormone involved in regulating
Metabolism
34
What regulated follicle stimulating hormone
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and feedback
35
What does follicle stimulating hormone target
The testes/ovaries
36
What does follicle stimulating hormone regulate
The development, growth, maturation and reproductive processes of the body
37
What occurs due to a lack of follicle stimulating hormone
Failure of sexual maturation
38
What is adrenocorticotrophic hormone regulated by
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and feedback
39
What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone act on
The adrenal cortex
40
What causes the production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Stress
41
What does the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone cause increased production of
Corticosteroids
42
What is luteinising hormone regulated by
GnRH and feedback
43
Where does luteinising hormone target
The ovaries/testes
44
What does luteinising hormone stimulate the production of
Testosterone, the development of the corpus luteum and causes ovulation
45
What does a lack of luteinising hormone cause
Failure of sexual maturation
46
What is prolactin regulated by
Prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone
47
Where does prolactin target
The mammary glands
48
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
49
What regulates oxytocin
The hypothalamus and also by uterine stretching and suckling
50
Where does oxytocin target
The uterus and breasts
51
What does oxytocin stimulate
Birth and milk production
52
What regulates ADH
The hypothalamus by the blood osmolarity and volume
53
Where does ADH target
The kidneys
54
What causes a release of ADH
The body being dehydrated
55
What secretes thyroid hormone
Follicle cells
56
Where does thyroid hormone effect
All cells except the brain, sleep, uterus and thyroid
57
What is the thyroid hormone involved in
The metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
58
What do parafollicular cells secrete
Calcitonin
59
What is the function of calcitonin
To lower the level of Ca++ in the blood
60
What is the function of parathyroid hormone
To increase the level of Ca++ in the blood
61
What does the thymus secrete and what is it essential for
Peptide hormones and for normal development of T lymphocytes and the immune response
62
What is involved in the short term stress response
The adrenal medulla
63
What does the adrenal medulla cause
An increase in heart rate and blood pressure, it causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, causes the dilation of the bronchioles, causes an increase in alertness and metabolism
64
What does the pancreatic islets produce
Glucagon and insulin
65
What is glucagon involve in
The synthesis of alpha cells
66
What is insulin involve in
The synthesis of beta cells
67
What do beta cells cause
The blood sugar levels to be lowered
68
What do alpha cells cause
The blood sugar level to increase
69
What does the adrenal cortex synthesise
Corticosteroids
70
How many corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex
24
71
What are corticosteroids synthesised from
Cholesterol
72
What are the three categories of corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids
73
Function of mineralocorticoids
Control electrolyte balance
74
Function of glucocorticoids
Stimulate fat and protein catabolism and release fatty acids and glucose into the blood
75
What stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
76
What is involved in the long term stress response
The adrenal cortex

Second Year - Anatomy CA21007 (18 decks)

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