AML Flashcards
Threshold concerning for leukostasis in AMl
50k
What is considered treatment related AML?
Exposure to prior chemo, radiation, or ***immunosuppressive drugs
Gene mutation associated with topoisomerase II inhibitors in AML
11q23 (II looks like an 11)
Timeframe for treatment related AmL from topoisomerase exposure
1-3 years post treatment
*No MDS phase
Drug classes associated with therapy related AML
- anthracyclines (topoisomerase II)
- alkylating agents (eg cytoxan)
Cytogenetic abnormalities associated with exposure to alkylating agents in AML
5 and 7 deletions (present 5 and 7 years after)
Timeframe for treatment related AML from alkylating agents
5-7 years
*preceeding MDS phase
Change in CEBPA classification for favorable risk category
- not biallelic. It’s now any bzip in frame mutated CEBPA
Risk stratification of FLT3 in AML
All intermediate now regardless of NPM1 (improved outcomes from FLT3 targeted therapy)
Indications for LP for de novo AML
1) WBC>30K
2) monocytic or myelomonocytic
3) FLT3 mutant
AND symptomatic
Initial management of leukostasis
- hydrea
- Given myeloid lineage on flow, 1-2 g cytarabine (can also be used) vs. cytoxan
Allopurinol mechanism of action
inhibits xanthine oxidase
Rasburicase mechanism of action
catalyzes enzymatic oxidation of poorly soluble uric acid into an inactive and more soluble metabolite allantoin
What is core binding factor AML?
AML with inv(16) or t(8;21)
Standard of care for CBF AML
7+3 + gemtuzumab ozogamicin (dramatic improvement in outcomes)
1) gemtuzumab mechanism 2) SE’s to know with gemtuzumab
- increased risk of VOD (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome)
- myelosuppression
- increased liver toxicity
generic name of vyxeos
liposomal-daunorubicin/cytarabine
Treatment options for frail patient that is IDH1 mutant
1) HMA + venetoclax
2) HMA + ivosidenib 500 mg daily for at least 2 years + HMA q28 days (Preferred -AGILE - OS 24 vs. 8 months)
High dose cytarabine (HiDAC) SE to know + management
- cerebellar toxicity
- permanent discontinuation
Prophylaxis required when giving HiDAC
Steroid eye drops
Blast cutoff for AML diagnosis
Greater than 20%
What is 7 + 3
7 days cytarabine
3 days anthracycline
IDH1 targeted drug
Ivosidenib
IDH2 targeted drug
Enasidenib
AML immunophenotype
CD13+, CD33+, MPO+, CD34+
Morphologic CR in AML
<5% blasts
Consolidation for patient requiring 2 inductions in AML in CR2
Allo-HSCT
Options for relapsed/refractory AML - “remission reinduction”
1) salvage combination chemotherapy followed by allo-HSCT (Phase 2 – impressive response rates but very toxic)
2) HMA + venetoclax if not received upfront, then allo-HSCT
3) Clinical trial followed by allo-HSCT
4) Add targeted therapy if available:
Given IDH mutation, add IDH inhibitor to regimen, e.g. HMA/venetoclax
Given FLT3 ITD or TKD mutant (prior FLT3 doesn’t exclude), gilteritinib followed by allo-HSCT (OS benefit)
Given CD33 and not used previously, gemtuzumab followed by allo-HSCT
Most commonly used systemic therapy regimens for re-induction
(FLAG-IDA + venetoclax)
MEC
What is FLAG-IDA?
Fludarabine, cytarabine, plus G-CSF , idarubicin
What is MEC?
M - mitoxantrone
E - etoposide
C - cytarabine
Favorable risk AML mutations
1) t(8;21)(q22;q22.1)/RUNX1::RUNX1T1
2) inv(16)(p13.1q22) or t(16;16)(p13.1;q22)/CBFB::MYH11
3) Mutated NPM1 without FLT3-ITD
4) bZIP in-frame mutated CEBPA
Other AML RF’s
Benzene
Germline mutations associated with increased risk of AML
CEBPA
DDX41
AML defining genetic abnormalities
*NPM1 + RUNX1:RUNX1 + CBFB:MYH11 + DEK::NUP214 + RBM15::MRTFA fusion + KMT2A + MECOM + NUP98 + CEBPA
What is the answer in terms of genetic abnormality with question showing peripheral smear full of eosinophils?
AML with inversion 16
Management of AML with inversion 16
gemtuzumab
What is AML-MRC?
AML with myelodysplasia related changes?
Board answer to management of Down syndrome patient with MPN + mutation
- observation (erythromegakaryocytic MPN, it spontaneously resolves over the first few months of life)
- GATA1
Genetic abnormality for patient presenting with basophilia
t(6;9)
Genetic abnormality associated with AML presenting with thrombocytosis
inv(3) or T(3;3)
What does quizartinib target
FLT3-ITD
*not TKD
Giltertinib approval
Relapsed/refractory, not induction
Common mutation in therapy related AML
TP53 (30-40%)
Management of p53 mutant AML
clinical trial (we have no good standard therapies)
Standard for defining who is ineligible for induction chemotherapy in AML
- Age >75
- CHF requiring treatment or EF <50%
- DLCO <65% or FEV1 <65%
- ECOG 2-3, can be disease dependent
Board answer for elderly patient unfit for induction chemo
HMA + venetoclax
Venetoclax dosing w/ HMA + venetoclax
- continuous is board answer
- small but compelling abstract for 14 days so a lot of centers are using 14 day dosing
New IDH inhibitor recently approved
olutasidenib (only approved in relapsed/refractory setting)
Preferred conditioning and clinical benefit for patients MRD+ prior to transplant
- myeloablative conditioning (OS benefit vs. RIC w/ genomic evidence of disease prior to transplant)
Age as a RF for AML
Age over 65 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis
Caveat to genetically defined AML
Has to be at least 10% blasts in marrow or blood
Indication for germline testing in AML
Age <40 years
Role for maintenance azacitidine
Approved for pts >55 in CR1 who aren’t candidates for intensive consolidation therapy
t(6;9) risk stratification
adverse
Induction therapy for CBF AML patients with CHF
Fludarabine, cytarabine, GCSF, and gemtuzumab
What is the role of gemtuzumab in AML induction?
- approved in addition to 7+3 in adults with intermediate or favorable (NOT adverse) but truth is results have been mixed from trials
Basic physiology of NPM1 mutation
Abnormal nuclear export signal
Clinical significance of -7
high risk
Preferred conditioning regimens
IF significant comorbidities (DM1, cardiac), reduced intensity
IF fit, myeloablative
Preferred reduced intensity conditioning regimen
Fludarabine, busulfan
What are the myeloablative conditioning regimens
- cyclophosphamide/busulfan
- cyclophosphamide, TBI
- Etoposide, TBI