Adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

what are the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal (or suprarenal) glands are paired retroperitoneal (lying posterior to the peritoneum) endocrine glands

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2
Q

where are the adrenal glands situated?

A

over the medial aspects of the upper poles of each kidney

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3
Q

what do the adrenal glands secrete and where does it secrete into?

A

They secrete steroid and catecholamine hormones directly into the blood

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4
Q

where do the adrenal glands lie within the abdomen?

A

the posterior abdomen

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5
Q

what is the adrenal glands situated between?

A

between the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm

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6
Q

what does the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm cover of the kidney?

A

They cover part of the anterior surface of each kidney

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7
Q

what shape are the left and right glands of the adrenal glands?

A

The right gland is pyramidal in shape, contrasting with the semi-lunar shape of the left gland

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8
Q

what encloses the adrenal glands and the kidneys?

A

Perinephric (or renal) fascia encloses the adrenal glands and the kidneys

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9
Q

what does the perinephric fascia attach the glands to?

A

crura of the diaphragm

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10
Q

what is the crura of the diaphragm separated from the kidneys by?

A

the perirenal fat

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11
Q

what is anterior to the right adrenal gland?

A

inferior vena cava

right lobe of liver

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12
Q

what is posterior to the right adrenal gland?

A

right crus of the diaphragm

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13
Q

what is anterior to the left adrenal gland?

A

stomach, pancreas, spleen

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14
Q

what is posterior to the left adrenal gland?

A

left crus of the diaphragm

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15
Q

what does the adrenal glands consist of?

A

an outer connective tissue capsule, a cortex and a medulla

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16
Q

what do veins and lymphatics leave each gland via?

A

the hilum

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17
Q

where do arteries and nerves enter the adrenal glands?

A

at numerous sites

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18
Q

what are the functional portions of the adrenal glands?

A

The outer cortex and inner medulla

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19
Q

what are the outer cortex and inner medulla like in terms of glands?

A

2 separate endocrine glands with different embryological origins

20
Q

what is the outer cortex derived from embryologically?

A

embryonic mesoderm

21
Q

what is the medulla derived from embryologically?

A

ectodermal neural crest cells

22
Q

what is outer cortex and inner medulla each responsible for?

A

different secretions

23
Q

what colour is the cortex?

A

The cortex is yellowish in colour

24
Q

what does the cortex secrete?

A

2 cholesterol derived hormones - corticosteroids and androgens

25
Q

functionally, how can the adrenal cortex be divided into? (how many regions and what are they from superficial to deep?)

A

three regions which are (from superficial to deep):
zona glumerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

26
Q

What does the zona glumerulosa produce and secrete? what is an example?

A

mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

27
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce and secrete? e.g.?

A

corticosteroids e.g. cortisol

also secretes small amounts of androgen

28
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce and secrete? e.g.?

A

androgens e.g. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES)

also secretes small amounts of corticosteroids

29
Q

where does the medulla lie within the adrenal glands? (what colour is it?)

A

within the centre

dark brown in colour

30
Q

what does the medulla secrete (e.g.) and where does it secrete into?

A

catecholamines e.g. adrenaline directly into the bloodstream (post-ganglionic goes directly into the blood rather than an organ)

31
Q

when is adrenaline secreted from the medulla of the adrenal glands? what does it produce?

A

under stress

produces flight or fight response

32
Q

which part of the medulla of adrenal glands secrete adrenaline?

A

chromaffin cells

33
Q

what else do chromaffin cells secrete and when?

A
enkephalins 
function in pain control
34
Q

how is the blood supply to the adrenal glands like and how many arteries does it receive its blood supply via?

A

rich blood supply

via 3 different arteries

35
Q

what are the 3 arteries which supply the adrenal glands?

A

superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries

36
Q

where does the superior adrenal artery arise from?

A

inferior phrenic artery

37
Q

where does the middle adrenal artery arise from?

A

abdominal aorta

38
Q

where does the inferior adrenal artery arise from?

A

renal arteries

39
Q

what drains the adrenal glands?

A

right and left adrenal veins

40
Q

where does the right adrenal vein drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

41
Q

where does the left adrenal vein drain into?

A

left renal vein

42
Q

describe the lymph drainage of the adrenal glands

A

lymph drainage goes to the lumbar lymph nodes by adrenal lymphatic vessels

43
Q

where do the adrenal lymphatic vessels originate from?

A

2 lymphatic plexus:
1 deep into the capsule
the other located within the medulla

44
Q

what are the adrenal glands innervated by?

A

celiac plexus

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

45
Q

what is sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla via?

A

myelinated pre-synaptic fibres

mainly T10-L1 spinal cord segments