AB En Rationeel Gebruik Flashcards
What are examples of beta-lactam antibiotics?
- Penicillin
- Amoxicillin
- Ampicillin
- Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
- Cloxacillin
- Piperacillin-tazobactam
- Carbapenems (Imipenem, Meropenem)
- Cephalosporins (Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ceftarolin)
Includes various generations of cephalosporins with specific examples.
What is the mechanism of action for penicillin?
Cell wall inhibition and damage
Essential for its antibacterial effects.
Which bacteria does penicillin primarily target?
Gram-positive bacteria and spirochetes
Examples include streptococci and syphilis.
What is the resistance rate of Staphylococcus to penicillin?
> 80%
Indicates significant resistance in clinical settings.
What is the primary use of flucloxacillin?
Preferred treatment for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections
Effective against certain strains of Staphylococcus.
What does amoxicillin-clavulanic acid help bypass?
Beta-lactamases
This enhances its effectiveness against resistant bacteria.
What is the spectrum of activity for ceftriaxone?
Gram-positives and gram-negatives (excluding enterococci, limited anaerobes)
Broad-spectrum antibiotic but with limitations.
What is a notable characteristic of meropenem?
Broad-spectrum activity including ESBL and Pseudomonas
Effective against a wide range of resistant bacteria.
What is the mechanism of action for azithromycin?
Nucleic acid sabotage
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
True or False: Fluoroquinolones are safe for children and pregnant women.
False
They are contraindicated in these populations.
What is the mechanism of action for sulphonamides?
Nucleic acid sabotage (bacterial folic acid metabolism)
Disrupts essential metabolic pathways in bacteria.
What is the spectrum of activity for nitrofurantoin?
Gram-positive and gram-negative for lower urinary tract infections
Effective against many multidrug-resistant organisms.
What is a common side effect of glycopeptides like vancomycin?
Red man syndrome
Occurs with rapid infusion rates.
What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Specifically targets bacterial ribosomes.
Fill in the blank: Clindamycin is effective against _______ and_______.
Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes
Used for serious skin and soft tissue infections.
What is the primary indication for tetracyclines?
Infections caused by Gram-positive cocci, spirochetes, and certain Gram-negative bacteria
Includes conditions like Lyme disease and cholera.
What is the primary adverse effect of colistin?
Kidney toxicity
Requires careful monitoring due to potential for serious side effects.
What is the mechanism of action for linezolid?
Protein synthesis blockade
Effective against resistant Gram-positive bacteria like MRSA and VRE.
What is the resistance mechanism associated with fluoroquinolones?
Point mutation in gyrase
Leads to rapid development of resistance during monotherapy.
What is the spectrum of activity for gentamicin?
Broad-spectrum Gram-negative coverage with some Gram-positive synergy
Used primarily in combination with beta-lactams.
What is the primary concern with prolonged antibiotic use?
Serotype syndrome, bone marrow suppression, high blood lactate levels, nerve damage
Prolonged antibiotic use can lead to various serious side effects and complications.
What are common side effects of antibiotics?
Headache, rash, diarrhea, nausea
These side effects can vary depending on the type of antibiotic used.
What type of antibiotic is Colistin?
Polymyxins
Colistin is classified under polymyxins, which are known for their ability to damage cell walls.
What is the mechanism of action for Colistin?
Damage to cell wall
Colistin disrupts the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
