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Infectieziekten 3 > AB En Rationeel Gebruik > Flashcards

AB En Rationeel Gebruik Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of beta-lactam antibiotics?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ampicillin
  • Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
  • Cloxacillin
  • Piperacillin-tazobactam
  • Carbapenems (Imipenem, Meropenem)
  • Cephalosporins (Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ceftarolin)

Includes various generations of cephalosporins with specific examples.

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action for penicillin?

A

Cell wall inhibition and damage

Essential for its antibacterial effects.

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3
Q

Which bacteria does penicillin primarily target?

A

Gram-positive bacteria and spirochetes

Examples include streptococci and syphilis.

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4
Q

What is the resistance rate of Staphylococcus to penicillin?

A

> 80%

Indicates significant resistance in clinical settings.

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5
Q

What is the primary use of flucloxacillin?

A

Preferred treatment for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections

Effective against certain strains of Staphylococcus.

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6
Q

What does amoxicillin-clavulanic acid help bypass?

A

Beta-lactamases

This enhances its effectiveness against resistant bacteria.

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7
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for ceftriaxone?

A

Gram-positives and gram-negatives (excluding enterococci, limited anaerobes)

Broad-spectrum antibiotic but with limitations.

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8
Q

What is a notable characteristic of meropenem?

A

Broad-spectrum activity including ESBL and Pseudomonas

Effective against a wide range of resistant bacteria.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for azithromycin?

A

Nucleic acid sabotage

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.

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10
Q

True or False: Fluoroquinolones are safe for children and pregnant women.

A

False

They are contraindicated in these populations.

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulphonamides?

A

Nucleic acid sabotage (bacterial folic acid metabolism)

Disrupts essential metabolic pathways in bacteria.

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for nitrofurantoin?

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative for lower urinary tract infections

Effective against many multidrug-resistant organisms.

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13
Q

What is a common side effect of glycopeptides like vancomycin?

A

Red man syndrome

Occurs with rapid infusion rates.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Specifically targets bacterial ribosomes.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Clindamycin is effective against _______ and anaerobes.

A

Gram-positive bacteria

Used for serious skin and soft tissue infections.

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16
Q

What is the primary indication for tetracyclines?

A

Infections caused by Gram-positive cocci, spirochetes, and certain Gram-negative bacteria

Includes conditions like Lyme disease and cholera.

17
Q

What is the primary adverse effect of colistin?

A

Kidney toxicity

Requires careful monitoring due to potential for serious side effects.

18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for linezolid?

A

Protein synthesis blockade

Effective against resistant Gram-positive bacteria like MRSA and VRE.

19
Q

What is the resistance mechanism associated with fluoroquinolones?

A

Point mutation in gyrase

Leads to rapid development of resistance during monotherapy.

20
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for gentamicin?

A

Broad-spectrum Gram-negative coverage with some Gram-positive synergy

Used primarily in combination with beta-lactams.

21
Q

What is the primary concern with prolonged antibiotic use?

A

Serotype syndrome, bone marrow suppression, high blood lactate levels, nerve damage

Prolonged antibiotic use can lead to various serious side effects and complications.

22
Q

What are common side effects of antibiotics?

A

Headache, rash, diarrhea, nausea

These side effects can vary depending on the type of antibiotic used.

23
Q

What type of antibiotic is Colistin?

A

Polymyxins

Colistin is classified under polymyxins, which are known for their ability to damage cell walls.

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Colistin?

A

Damage to cell wall

Colistin disrupts the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

25
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for Colistin?

A

Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant strains

Colistin is particularly effective against certain resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

26
Q

What is the primary route of administration for Colistin?

A

IV

Colistin is typically administered intravenously for effective treatment.

27
Q

What is a key characteristic of Colistin’s action?

A

Bactericidal

Colistin kills bacteria rather than merely inhibiting their growth.

28
Q

What is a major risk associated with Colistin use?

A

Renal toxicity

Colistin can lead to kidney damage, which requires monitoring during treatment.

29
Q

What is the trend regarding resistance to Colistin?

A

Low but increasing due to livestock sector

Resistance to Colistin is rising, particularly linked to its use in animals.

30
Q

True or False: Increasing antibiotic dose always leads to better treatment outcomes.

A

False

Higher doses can lead to increased resistance and are not always effective.

31
Q

What are the benefits of proper antibiotic use?

A

Life-saving in critical situations, reduces morbidity, prevents complications

Proper antibiotic use is crucial in treating severe infections like sepsis and bacterial meningitis.

32
Q

Fill in the blank: ___________ can result from collateral damage to the microbiome due to antibiotic use.

A

Resistance genes are preserved and exchanged

Disruption of the microbiome can lead to increased resistance in pathogens.

33
Q

What does the ‘5D’s’ approach to optimal antibiotic use include?

A
  • Drug
  • Dose & delivery
  • Duration
  • De-escalation
  • Diagnosis

This framework helps guide effective antibiotic therapy.

34
Q

What is the importance of ‘START SMART THEN FOCUS’ in antibiotic therapy?

A

Therapeutic and prophylactic use

This approach emphasizes starting with effective broad-spectrum antibiotics and then refining treatment based on specific needs.

35
Q

What is a disadvantage of using antibiotics for upper respiratory infections?

A

No evidence of antibiotic value in such cases

Antibiotics are often ineffective for non-bacterial infections, leading to unnecessary use.

Infectieziekten 3 (8 decks)

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