A9

Question 1

Latin name of Shoulder joint?

Answer 1

Articulatio humeri

Question 2

Movement and classification of shoulder joint

Answer 2

Spheroid joint

Flexion and tension But species dependent

Eq: ginglymus due to the developed locomotor apparatus

Question 3

Articulating surfaces of shoulder joint?

Answer 3

Cavitas glenoidale + Caput humeri

Question 4

Ligaments of shoulder joint

Answer 4

Lig. coracohumerale (ø Ca)

• supraglenoid tubercle + greater tubercle of humerus

Ligg. glenohumeralia (Eq + Ca)

• reinforcement of the articular capsule

Tendo M. subscapularis = makes functonal medial collateral ligament

Tendo M. infra + supraspinati = functional lateral collateral ligament

Question 5

Equine shoulder joint

Answer 5

5 pouches: 3 cranial + 2 caudolateral

Ligg. Glenohumeralia lies in the front of joint cavity

Bicep brachii tendon has no connection with the capsule, cushioned by bursa intertubercularis the bursa and tendon are held in place by the transverse humeral retinaculum, running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

Injection: horizontal direction at the cranial margin of the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle, 2 cm proximal to the greater tuberosity of the humerus

Question 6

Ruminant shoudler joint

Answer 6

Bicep brachii tendon has no connection with the capsule, cushioned by bursa intertubercularis

Question 7

Canine shoulder joint

Answer 7

Ligg. Glenohumeralia lies medially and laterally

Medial one is connected to tendon of insertion of the subscapularis muscle

Bicep brachii tendon of origin traverses the joint capsule, covered by synovial membrane = capsule tendon sheath. Vagina synovialis intertubercularis

Question 8

Shoulder joint of the pig

Answer 8

Bicep brachii tendon of origin traverses the joint capsule, covered by synovial membrane = capsule tendon sheath. vagina synovialis intertubercularis

Question 9

Flexors of the shoulder joint

Answer 9

• M. Infraspinati
• M. Subscapularis
• M. Teres minor
• M. Teres major
• M.latissimus dorsi
• M. Tricep caput longum
• M. Deltoideus

Question 10

Extensors of the shoulder joint

Answer 10

• M. supraspinati
• M. infraspinati
• M. subscapularis
• M. coracobrachialis
• M. bicep brachii

Question 11

M. supraspinatus

Answer 11

-Strong muscle, that will extend and stabilize the shoulder joint, it is originating from fossa supraspinati and inserts on:

Ca: Tuberculum major

Eq: Tuberculum major and minor

Ru: Branched tendon on tuberculum major

Question 12

M. infraspinatus

Answer 12

originating from fossa infraspinati and the spine of the scapula and inserts:

Ca: one tendon on greater tubercle, where you can find the synovial bursa interposed between the tendon of insertion and the bone (bursa subtendinea musculi infraspinati)

Eq: splits into a deep part, inserting on greater tubercle. And a superficial part inserting distal to the greater tubercle on the lateral aspect of the humerus, passing over the synovial bursa

Ru: same as in horse, but both tendons pass over the synovial bursa

Question 13

M. deltoideus

Answer 13

A flattened muscle that will flex the shoulder joint and assist in abduction. It has originally three parts:
pars acromialis, pars scapularis and pars clavicularis, but this part has in the domestic mammals fused with the cleidobrachialis to form the brachiocephalic muscle, it originates differently, but will insert on tuberositas deltoidea

Ca: Pars acromialis, pars scapularis

Ru: Pars acromialis, pars scapularis

Eq: Fused

Sus: Fused

Question 14

M. teres minor

Answer 14

Small muscle that helps in the flexion of the shoulder , and is covered by the deltoid on the caudolateral aspect of the shoulder joint, it originates from the distal third of the scapula and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity and tricipital line

Question 15

M. triceps caput longum

Answer 15

Biggest head of the tricep, will completely bridge the humerus, it looks like it has two bellies. It originates on margo caudalis of scapula and inserts on tuber olecrani. It passes over and works on both the elbow and shoulder. Flexing the shoulder and extending the elbow

Question 16

M. subscapularis

Answer 16

O: Fossa subscapularis and inserts on lesser tubercle of the humerus, medial collateral ligament

Question 17

M. coracobrachialis

Answer 17

Small muscle originating from the coracoid process, inserting dorsomedially on the humerus. It adducts the fore arm and turn it outward

Question 18

Which muscle is innervated by N.suprascapularis

Answer 18

M. supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 19

Which muscles are inervated by N. axillaris?

Answer 19

• M. deltoideus
• M. teres minor
• M. teres major
• M. articularis humeri

Question 20

Which nerve innervates M. subscapularis and coracobrachialis?

Answer 20

Nn. Subscapularis and n. muscolocutaneus (ex a n. axillaris)

Question 21

Latin name of elbow joint

Answer 21

Articulatio cubiti

Question 22

Classification of the elbow joint

Answer 22

Hinge/ginglymus

composite joint

2 joints

1. Articulatio humeroradialis - Humeral condyle + head of radius
2. Articulatio humeroulnaris - Humeral condyle + Incisura trochlearis

Question 23

Ligaments of the elbow joint

Answer 23

Lig. collaterale cubiti mediale

• Attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle, crosses the annular ligament distally, divides into two crura
• Crus:

Eq:

shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament

longer cranial limb: rudiment of pronator teres

Ru:

shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament
Longer cranial limb: contains muscle fibers

Ca:
shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament
onger cranial limb: rudiment of pronator teres, still present even though dogs have pronator teres muscle

Lig. collaterale cubiti laterale

• Lateral epicondyle, divides into crania and caudal limb, lateral tuberosities of radius and ulna
• Crus:

Eq: Only the lateral crus

Lig. olecrani (ca)

• Elastic ligament
• Passes between the craniomedial aspect of olecranon to the medial border of the olecranon fossa
• Closely associated with the joint capsule

Question 24

Flexors of the elbow

Answer 24

M. biceps brachii

M. brachialis

Question 25

Extensors of the elbow

Answer 25

M. triceps brachii

M. anconeus

M. TFA

Question 26

M brachialis

Answer 26

fleshy- long fibered and lies in the brachial groove.
It originates just below the head of the humerus, on the caudal aspect and it follows the groove to the lateral side and ending up on the medial side where it inserts on both the radial and ulnar tuberosities and will flex the elbow

Eq: inserts with only one tendon on the medial aspect of the radius while the other tendon passes under the medial collateral ligament to insert on the interosseous membrane of the elbow joint

Question 27

M. bicep brachii

Answer 27

• Acts as a flexor of the elbow and extensor of shoulder.
  Originates from the supraglenoid tuberosity passes through the intertubercular groove and inserts togheter with brachialis on the radial and ulnar tuberosities

Ca: crosses the capsule over the joint

sus: crosses the capsule over the joint

Ru: burs intertubercularis

Eq: protected by the bursa bicipitalis. A long superficial tendon formed by the tendinous intersections which joins the antebrachial fascia to run distally on the extensor carpi radialis and ends on the metacarpa tuberosity – lacertus fibrosus, passive stay apparatus

Question 28

M. tricep Brachii

Answer 28

• Strongest muscle of the thoracic limb which fills the triangle between scapula, humerus and olecranon.

Margo tricipitalis: distinct line ascending from olecranon to the withers. 4 heads in the domestic mammals except horse. They all inserts on the tuber olecrani, Bursa subtendinea tricipitis brachii is interposed between the tendon of insertion and the olecranon. Works on shoulder as an flexor with the long head and the rest extend the elbow.

1. Caput longum – caudal border of scapula
2. Caput laterale – close to the deltoid tuberosity
3. Caput mediale – near the tuberositas teres, medial aspect
4. Caput accesorius – caudally near the head of the humerus

Eq: Comprised of three heads

1. Caput longum
2. Caput laterale
3. Caput mediale

Question 29

M. anconeus

Answer 29

• Also considered to be a part of the tricep, often fused with the lateral head in ruminants and horses. It arises from the distal surface of the humerus and the humeral epicondyles, bridges the olecranon fossa. Inserts lateral on the olecranon. Extends the elbow joint

Question 30

M. tensor fascia antebrachia

Answer 30

Thin strap of muscle that is the chief tensor of the fascia inserts by radiating into the fascia of the forearm and on the olecranon to extend the elbow joint

Ca: broad aponeurosis from the latissimus dorsi

Eq: caudal border of scapula

Question 31

Ligaments of elbow joint smaller ones

Answer 31

annular and oblique