A9 Flashcards
Shoulder & elbow joints, and their muscles
Latin name of Shoulder joint?
Articulatio humeri
Movement and classification of shoulder joint
Spheroid joint
Flexion and tension But species dependent
Eq: ginglymus due to the developed locomotor apparatus
Articulating surfaces of shoulder joint?
Cavitas glenoidale + Caput humeri
Ligaments of shoulder joint
Lig. coracohumerale (ø Ca)
- supraglenoid tubercle + greater tubercle of humerus
Ligg. glenohumeralia (Eq + Ca)
- reinforcement of the articular capsule
Tendo M. subscapularis = makes functonal medial collateral ligament
Tendo M. infra + supraspinati = functional lateral collateral ligament
Equine shoulder joint
5 pouches: 3 cranial + 2 caudolateral
Ligg. Glenohumeralia lies in the front of joint cavity
Bicep brachii tendon has no connection with the capsule, cushioned by bursa intertubercularis the bursa and tendon are held in place by the transverse humeral retinaculum, running between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.
Injection: horizontal direction at the cranial margin of the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle, 2 cm proximal to the greater tuberosity of the humerus
Ruminant shoudler joint
Bicep brachii tendon has no connection with the capsule, cushioned by bursa intertubercularis
Canine shoulder joint
Ligg. Glenohumeralia lies medially and laterally
Medial one is connected to tendon of insertion of the subscapularis muscle
Bicep brachii tendon of origin traverses the joint capsule, covered by synovial membrane = capsule tendon sheath. Vagina synovialis intertubercularis
Shoulder joint of the pig
Bicep brachii tendon of origin traverses the joint capsule, covered by synovial membrane = capsule tendon sheath. vagina synovialis intertubercularis
Flexors of the shoulder joint
- M. Infraspinati
- M. Subscapularis
- M. Teres minor
- M. Teres major
- M.latissimus dorsi
- M. Tricep caput longum
- M. Deltoideus
Extensors of the shoulder joint
- M. supraspinati
- M. infraspinati
- M. subscapularis
- M. coracobrachialis
- M. bicep brachii
M. supraspinatus
-Strong muscle, that will extend and stabilize the shoulder joint, it is originating from fossa supraspinati and inserts on:
Ca: Tuberculum major
Eq: Tuberculum major and minor
Ru: Branched tendon on tuberculum major
M. infraspinatus
originating from fossa infraspinati and the spine of the scapula and inserts:
Ca: one tendon on greater tubercle, where you can find the synovial bursa interposed between the tendon of insertion and the bone (bursa subtendinea musculi infraspinati)
Eq: splits into a deep part, inserting on greater tubercle. And a superficial part inserting distal to the greater tubercle on the lateral aspect of the humerus, passing over the synovial bursa
Ru: same as in horse, but both tendons pass over the synovial bursa
M. deltoideus
A flattened muscle that will flex the shoulder joint and assist in abduction. It has originally three parts:
pars acromialis, pars scapularis and pars clavicularis, but this part has in the domestic mammals fused with the cleidobrachialis to form the brachiocephalic muscle, it originates differently, but will insert on tuberositas deltoidea
Ca: Pars acromialis, pars scapularis
Ru: Pars acromialis, pars scapularis
Eq: Fused
Sus: Fused
M. teres minor
Small muscle that helps in the flexion of the shoulder , and is covered by the deltoid on the caudolateral aspect of the shoulder joint, it originates from the distal third of the scapula and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity and tricipital line
M. triceps caput longum
Biggest head of the tricep, will completely bridge the humerus, it looks like it has two bellies. It originates on margo caudalis of scapula and inserts on tuber olecrani. It passes over and works on both the elbow and shoulder. Flexing the shoulder and extending the elbow
M. subscapularis
O: Fossa subscapularis and inserts on lesser tubercle of the humerus, medial collateral ligament
M. coracobrachialis
Small muscle originating from the coracoid process, inserting dorsomedially on the humerus. It adducts the fore arm and turn it outward
Which muscle is innervated by N.suprascapularis
M. supraspinatus and infraspinatus
Which muscles are inervated by N. axillaris?
- M. deltoideus
- M. teres minor
- M. teres major
- M. articularis humeri
Which nerve innervates M. subscapularis and coracobrachialis?
Nn. Subscapularis and n. muscolocutaneus (ex a n. axillaris)
Latin name of elbow joint
Articulatio cubiti
Classification of the elbow joint
Hinge/ginglymus
composite joint
2 joints
- Articulatio humeroradialis - Humeral condyle + head of radius
- Articulatio humeroulnaris - Humeral condyle + Incisura trochlearis
Ligaments of the elbow joint
Lig. collaterale cubiti mediale
- Attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle, crosses the annular ligament distally, divides into two crura
- Crus:
Eq:
shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament
longer cranial limb: rudiment of pronator teres
Ru:
shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament
Longer cranial limb: contains muscle fibers
Ca:
shorter caudal limb: ends on the medial epicondyle of radius, medial collateral ligament
onger cranial limb: rudiment of pronator teres, still present even though dogs have pronator teres muscle
Lig. collaterale cubiti laterale
- Lateral epicondyle, divides into crania and caudal limb, lateral tuberosities of radius and ulna
- Crus:
Eq: Only the lateral crus
Lig. olecrani (ca)
- Elastic ligament
- Passes between the craniomedial aspect of olecranon to the medial border of the olecranon fossa
- Closely associated with the joint capsule
Flexors of the elbow
M. biceps brachii
M. brachialis
Extensors of the elbow
M. triceps brachii
M. anconeus
M. TFA
M brachialis
fleshy- long fibered and lies in the brachial groove.
It originates just below the head of the humerus, on the caudal aspect and it follows the groove to the lateral side and ending up on the medial side where it inserts on both the radial and ulnar tuberosities and will flex the elbow
Eq: inserts with only one tendon on the medial aspect of the radius while the other tendon passes under the medial collateral ligament to insert on the interosseous membrane of the elbow joint
M. bicep brachii
- Acts as a flexor of the elbow and extensor of shoulder.
Originates from the supraglenoid tuberosity passes through the intertubercular groove and inserts togheter with brachialis on the radial and ulnar tuberosities
Ca: crosses the capsule over the joint
sus: crosses the capsule over the joint
Ru: burs intertubercularis
Eq: protected by the bursa bicipitalis. A long superficial tendon formed by the tendinous intersections which joins the antebrachial fascia to run distally on the extensor carpi radialis and ends on the metacarpa tuberosity – lacertus fibrosus, passive stay apparatus
M. tricep Brachii
- Strongest muscle of the thoracic limb which fills the triangle between scapula, humerus and olecranon.
Margo tricipitalis: distinct line ascending from olecranon to the withers. 4 heads in the domestic mammals except horse. They all inserts on the tuber olecrani, Bursa subtendinea tricipitis brachii is interposed between the tendon of insertion and the olecranon. Works on shoulder as an flexor with the long head and the rest extend the elbow.
- Caput longum – caudal border of scapula
- Caput laterale – close to the deltoid tuberosity
- Caput mediale – near the tuberositas teres, medial aspect
- Caput accesorius – caudally near the head of the humerus
Eq: Comprised of three heads
- Caput longum
- Caput laterale
- Caput mediale
M. anconeus
- Also considered to be a part of the tricep, often fused with the lateral head in ruminants and horses. It arises from the distal surface of the humerus and the humeral epicondyles, bridges the olecranon fossa. Inserts lateral on the olecranon. Extends the elbow joint
M. tensor fascia antebrachia
Thin strap of muscle that is the chief tensor of the fascia inserts by radiating into the fascia of the forearm and on the olecranon to extend the elbow joint
Ca: broad aponeurosis from the latissimus dorsi
Eq: caudal border of scapula
Ligaments of elbow joint smaller ones
annular and oblique
