A23

Question 1

Basic structures of the vertebrae

Answer 1

• Corpus
  
  • crista
• arcus
  
  • lamina
  • pedicles
• incisura
  
  • cran
  • caud
• processus
  
  • spinosus
  • transversus
  • articularis
  • mammilaris
    
    • mammorarticulare
  • accesorius
• foramen
  
  • vertebrale
  • transversarium
  • vertbrale laterale

Question 2

Characteristics of the different vertebraes

Answer 2

Cervical

• reduced spinous process

Thoracic

• large spinous process
• costal facets

Lumbar

• large processus transversus

Sacrum

• fused

Question 3

Number of vertebraes in the species

Answer 3

Equine: 7, 18, 6, 5, 15-21

Ruminant: 7, 13, 6, 5, 18-20

Ca: 7, 12-14, 7, 3, 20-23

Sus: 7, 14-15, 6, 4, 20-23

Question 4

Epaxial muscles

Answer 4

Transversus spinal system

longissimus system

• lumborum
• thoracics
• cervicis
• capitis

iliocostalis system

Question 5

Long muscles of the head and back

Answer 5

Superficial layer:

M. splenius

Middle layer:

M. iliocostalis

M. longissimus

Deep layer

M. psinalis + semispinalis

M. semispinalis capitis

Question 6

Short muscles of the neck and back

Answer 6

Mm. intertransversari

Mm. interspinales

Mm. rotator

Question 7

Hypaxial muscles

Answer 7

ventral flexors of the cervical column

M. longus colli

O: proc spinosus th 1

I: crista nucha

Mm. scaleni

Ca: medial and dorsal part

Eq: medial and ventral part

Su + Ru: dorsal medial and ventral

O: Ventral: c3-c6

medius: C6-c7
dorsal: c4-c6

I: ventral:

Medial: 1st rib

dorsal: 1-3 + ->9th rib

Mm. lumbales

• iliopsoas
• psoas minor
• quadratus lumborum

Question 8

what is meant by statics of the trunk

Answer 8

to make sure the individual parts of the body as a qhole are in equilibrium when the animal is moving or standing still

compared to a framework bridge: needs elastic and rigid elements

Question 9

what are the elastic elements

Answer 9

Lig nucha and lig supraspinatus (also funicular part in the horse)

Question 10

how does the statistic of the trunk work

Answer 10

bow string bridge: not rigid, so the string can adapt and is always attached along the bow (linea alba)

arched dorsally: contraction of abdomnial muscle + inner lumbar muscles

all structures gets stretched which will squize the vertebral bodies together

sternum + ribs: links to the vertebral collumn

sacrum: forms a rigid connection with the pelvis

most weight is carried by the forelimbs

cervical vertebrae + neck = mobile