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Anatomy III oral > A29 > Flashcards

A29 Flashcards

The skeleton and the digestive system of the bird

1
Q

Bone types of the bird

A

Pneumatic bone: air filled caivity, respiratory sacs gets into them.
ex: sternum and pelvis

Medullary bone: contains calcium to make eggs - only in the female

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2
Q

General differences in the skeleton

A

Beak

  • there is no mastication muscle
  • makes the head lighter

Sternum

  • large crest for muscular attachment

Clavicula

  • large

Scapula

  • orientated backwards

Coracoid bone

  • is a separate bone in the bird
  • is a process in the domestic mammals

Thoracic vertebrae -> sacrum

  • fused together and with pelvis to form a rigid structure able to handle hard landings

Cervical region

  • very flexible
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3
Q

The skull

A

Occipital bone

  1. supraoxipital
  2. exoxipital
  3. basioxipital
  • only one condyle, for more movement

Os jugale

  • instead of zygomatic arch

Os squamosa

  • instead of temporal bone

Fossa tympanica

  • for ears

Os quadratum + os articulare

Ventral

  • sphenoid
  • pterygoid bone
  • vomer
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4
Q

Hyoid

A

simple

basihyoid

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5
Q

Vertebraes of the chicken

A

Cervical - 14

Thoracic: 7

  • Notarium (2-5th)
  • 6+7 are also fused

Lumbar + sacrum

  • 7Th + L + S + 1st coccygeal = synsacrum

Caudal: 7

  • last is fused into pygostyle
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6
Q

lumbosacrale

A

synsacrum + pelvis

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7
Q

What is special about the vertebreas of the chicken?

A

Notarium - not in goos and duck

Synsacrum

Pygostyle - supports tail feathers

Lumbosacrale

increased mobility with synovial joint and meniscus

cervial can vary between 8 and 21, and can have rotation up to 270 degree

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8
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

fused with the synsacrum

Antitrochlearis

  • double connection with the femur

Acetabulum

  • is a hole
  • has 2 additional holes
    • obturatorum foramen
    • ilioischidic foramen

pubis

  • long and thin

Ø symphysis pelvis

Fossa renales

  • depression for the kidneys
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9
Q

Hindlimb

A

Tibiotarsus

  • tibia + proximal tarsal bone

4 digits

  1. turned backwards, with two phalanxes
  2. 3 phalanges
  3. 4 phalanges
  4. 5 phalanges

some preditores also have 2 caudally directed and 2 cranially directed

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10
Q

ribcage

A

2 types

  1. vertbral ribs: proc unicunatus (strength)
  2. sternal ribs: instead of cartialge
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11
Q

Sternum

A

big carina in flying birds, flat in non flying

lateral trabecula

  • rostrum, craniolateral process, thoracic process.
  • not in ducks

intermediate trabecula

  • abdomnial process

median trabecula

  • in chickens
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12
Q

sternum in pigeons

A

the intermedius and median trabecula is fused to form a hole

Fenestra medialis

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13
Q

Thoracic girdle

A

all bones are present

forcula

  • os coracoideum andclavicula
  • braces and prevents from collaps during flight

canalis triosseus

  • tendon of flight muscle goes through this fusion
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14
Q

forelimb

A

wing

ulna is bigger than radius

2 carpal bones called ulnar and radia

carpometacarpus with vestigial carpals

3 digits

  • 2 - angular
  • 3 - minor
  • 4 - major
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15
Q

Muscles of flying

A

Flight muscles = large

M. pectoralis

O: carina

I: ventral on humerus

A: downstroke

M. supracorocoideus

O: carina

I: dorsal on humerus

A: Upstroke

  • goes through canalis triosseus
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16
Q

Muscles of the hindlimb

A

reduced

  • there is no need due to the rigid skeleton

M. ambiens

O pelvis

I; fuses with the tendon of digital flexor

17
Q

Perching

A

weight of the bird will tighten the tendon of the ambiens and flexors, so that they can rest while standing without the use of muscular energy

18
Q

Digestive system, overview

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • crop
  • proventriculus
  • gizzard/ventriculum
    • liver
    • gall bladder
  • duodenum
  • small intestine
  • double caecum
  • large intestine
  • cloaca
19
Q

oropharyngeal cavity, what is not present?

A

there is no

  • soft palate
  • teeth
  • lips
  • muscles of mastication
  • epiglottis
20
Q

larynx

A

no vocal cords

21
Q

oropharyngeal cavity

A

Roof:

  • hard palate + choana
  • small opening: infundibulum
  • papillae palatina + pharyngeus
    • in rows
    • highly keratinized
    • pushes the food into the esophagus

Tongue

  • non protrudable - most birds
  • protrudable - parrot
22
Q

esophagus

A

foms the crop

  • stores food, moistures it
  • production of crop milk (penguin)
  • large and muscular

Pigeon: 2 lateral sacs

  • produces crop milk

crop is not present in ducks and geese

Owls will form a pellet

Fissura oesophagoingluivei

  • food will go directly into the stomach
  • dilated crop, more or less digested
23
Q

Stomach

A

Ventriculus glandularis

  • proventriculus
  • causes a depression on the dorsal surface of the liver
  • in contact with the left abdomnial air sac and the left thoracic air sac
  • isthmus ventriculi
  • secretes protein-digestive enzyms and acids

ventriculus muscluaris

  • gizzard
  • mastecatory organ, will crush and grind the food
  • contains small stones to act like teeth
  • in contact with the left abdomnial airsac
  • centru tendinuem - shiny
  • 2x saccus : caudal and cranial
    • caudal is thinner and has a different colour
  • M. crassus caudodorsalis and caudoventralis
  • cuticula
24
Q

Small intestines - duodenum

A

Duodenum: ascending + descending

  • u-shaped
  • connected by lig. pancreaticoduodenale
  • pancreas in the middle
  • connected to the gizzard by lig hepatoduodenale
    • bile duct
  • ductus pancreaticus
  • ductus choleducus
    • duodenum ascendens
25
Q

small intestine - jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum

longest

diverticulum caecum vitelli

  • meckels diverticulum
  • remantn of the yolk sac

ileum

straight

  • lies between the double caecum
  • ligg. ileocaecalis
26
Q

large intestine

A

2x caecum

  • small in carnivores
  • large in herbivores

colorectum

cloaca

  1. coprodeum - ampulla like
  2. urodeum - ureters enter here
    • seminal duct in males
    • oviduct in females
  3. proctodeum - copulatory organ in aquatic birds
    • cloacal bursa
    • cloacal thymus
27
Q

spleen

A

round or egg shaped

blood-forming + reticuloendothelial system

female: ovary lies close to the spleen

Anatomy III oral (51 decks)

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