A29 Flashcards
The skeleton and the digestive system of the bird
Bone types of the bird
Pneumatic bone: air filled caivity, respiratory sacs gets into them.
ex: sternum and pelvis
Medullary bone: contains calcium to make eggs - only in the female
General differences in the skeleton
Beak
- there is no mastication muscle
- makes the head lighter
Sternum
- large crest for muscular attachment
Clavicula
- large
Scapula
- orientated backwards
Coracoid bone
- is a separate bone in the bird
- is a process in the domestic mammals
Thoracic vertebrae -> sacrum
- fused together and with pelvis to form a rigid structure able to handle hard landings
Cervical region
- very flexible
The skull
Occipital bone
- supraoxipital
- exoxipital
- basioxipital
- only one condyle, for more movement
Os jugale
- instead of zygomatic arch
Os squamosa
- instead of temporal bone
Fossa tympanica
- for ears
Os quadratum + os articulare
Ventral
- sphenoid
- pterygoid bone
- vomer
Hyoid
simple
basihyoid
Vertebraes of the chicken
Cervical - 14
Thoracic: 7
- Notarium (2-5th)
- 6+7 are also fused
Lumbar + sacrum
- 7Th + L + S + 1st coccygeal = synsacrum
Caudal: 7
- last is fused into pygostyle
lumbosacrale
synsacrum + pelvis
What is special about the vertebreas of the chicken?
Notarium - not in goos and duck
Synsacrum
Pygostyle - supports tail feathers
Lumbosacrale
increased mobility with synovial joint and meniscus
cervial can vary between 8 and 21, and can have rotation up to 270 degree
Pelvic girdle
fused with the synsacrum
Antitrochlearis
- double connection with the femur
Acetabulum
- is a hole
- has 2 additional holes
- obturatorum foramen
- ilioischidic foramen
pubis
- long and thin
Ø symphysis pelvis
Fossa renales
- depression for the kidneys
Hindlimb
Tibiotarsus
- tibia + proximal tarsal bone
4 digits
- turned backwards, with two phalanxes
- 3 phalanges
- 4 phalanges
- 5 phalanges
some preditores also have 2 caudally directed and 2 cranially directed
ribcage
2 types
- vertbral ribs: proc unicunatus (strength)
- sternal ribs: instead of cartialge
Sternum
big carina in flying birds, flat in non flying
lateral trabecula
- rostrum, craniolateral process, thoracic process.
- not in ducks
intermediate trabecula
- abdomnial process
median trabecula
- in chickens
sternum in pigeons
the intermedius and median trabecula is fused to form a hole
Fenestra medialis
Thoracic girdle
all bones are present
forcula
- os coracoideum andclavicula
- braces and prevents from collaps during flight
canalis triosseus
- tendon of flight muscle goes through this fusion
forelimb
wing
ulna is bigger than radius
2 carpal bones called ulnar and radia
carpometacarpus with vestigial carpals
3 digits
- 2 - angular
- 3 - minor
- 4 - major
Muscles of flying
Flight muscles = large
M. pectoralis
O: carina
I: ventral on humerus
A: downstroke
M. supracorocoideus
O: carina
I: dorsal on humerus
A: Upstroke
- goes through canalis triosseus
Muscles of the hindlimb
reduced
- there is no need due to the rigid skeleton
M. ambiens
O pelvis
I; fuses with the tendon of digital flexor
Perching
weight of the bird will tighten the tendon of the ambiens and flexors, so that they can rest while standing without the use of muscular energy
Digestive system, overview
- mouth
- esophagus
- crop
- proventriculus
- gizzard/ventriculum
- liver
- gall bladder
- duodenum
- small intestine
- double caecum
- large intestine
- cloaca
oropharyngeal cavity, what is not present?
there is no
- soft palate
- teeth
- lips
- muscles of mastication
- epiglottis
larynx
no vocal cords
oropharyngeal cavity
Roof:
- hard palate + choana
- small opening: infundibulum
- papillae palatina + pharyngeus
- in rows
- highly keratinized
- pushes the food into the esophagus
Tongue
- non protrudable - most birds
- protrudable - parrot
esophagus
foms the crop
- stores food, moistures it
- production of crop milk (penguin)
- large and muscular
Pigeon: 2 lateral sacs
- produces crop milk
crop is not present in ducks and geese
Owls will form a pellet
Fissura oesophagoingluivei
- food will go directly into the stomach
- dilated crop, more or less digested
Stomach
Ventriculus glandularis
- proventriculus
- causes a depression on the dorsal surface of the liver
- in contact with the left abdomnial air sac and the left thoracic air sac
- isthmus ventriculi
- secretes protein-digestive enzyms and acids
ventriculus muscluaris
- gizzard
- mastecatory organ, will crush and grind the food
- contains small stones to act like teeth
- in contact with the left abdomnial airsac
- centru tendinuem - shiny
- 2x saccus : caudal and cranial
- caudal is thinner and has a different colour
- M. crassus caudodorsalis and caudoventralis
- cuticula
Small intestines - duodenum
Duodenum: ascending + descending
- u-shaped
- connected by lig. pancreaticoduodenale
- pancreas in the middle
- connected to the gizzard by lig hepatoduodenale
- bile duct
- ductus pancreaticus
- ductus choleducus
- duodenum ascendens
small intestine - jejunum and ileum
jejunum
longest
diverticulum caecum vitelli
- meckels diverticulum
- remantn of the yolk sac
ileum
straight
- lies between the double caecum
- ligg. ileocaecalis
large intestine
2x caecum
- small in carnivores
- large in herbivores
colorectum
cloaca
- coprodeum - ampulla like
- urodeum - ureters enter here
- seminal duct in males
- oviduct in females
- proctodeum - copulatory organ in aquatic birds
- cloacal bursa
- cloacal thymus
spleen
round or egg shaped
blood-forming + reticuloendothelial system
female: ovary lies close to the spleen
