A18 Flashcards
pastern and coffin joint and their muscles in the hindlimb
The Pastern joint
articulationes interphalangeae proximales manus
Saddle joint with flexion and extension and allows for some movement from side to side
Between the caput if the proximal phalanx with the fovea articularis of the middle phalanx - more saddle shaped in Ru and Eq
Joint capsule of the pastern joint
Has a dorsal and a plantar recessus
In the equine:
- the dorsal recess lies under the common extensor tendon
- the palamar recess will extend proximally
In Carnivores:
- the joint capsule is closely related to both the extensor and flexor tendons
- dorsal wall is thickened by cartilage
- sesamoid cartilages are almost within the joint capsule
Ruminant
- no communication between the recesses
- a lot of synovia
Ligaments of the pastern joint
Ligg. collateralia
Ligg. plantaris
Ligg. collateralis of pastern joint
Eq:
- oblique, between tuberositas extensoria on 1st phalanx to the tuberosity on the 2nd
Ru
- axial and abaxial
- axial common collateral ligament
Ca
- only ligament present in the ca
- fossa on first phalanges to the epicondyle of the second
- 1st digit (if present) attaches distally to the proximal end of the distal phalanx
Pigs
- depression on the first phalanx to the protuberance on the second
- stronger in the chief digits
Lig. plantaris of the pastern joint
present in the horse, the chief digit of ruminants and pigs
Equine:
- axial and abaxial
- from the ridges of the plantar surface and the middle border to the tuberositas flexoria
Ru:
- lies in the middle of the axial and the abaxial ligaments
Pigs
- lateral, medial and palmar aspect of each digit
- plantar surface of the 1 st phalanx to the sexond phalanges below the joint margin
- axial and abaxial
Coffin joint
Articulationes interphalangeae distales manus
Termed the claw joint in all but the horse
Eq:
- distal end of the second phalanx + the proximal end of the third phalanx + navicular bone
- extension and flexion
- can rotate to some extent, to adjust to irregular surfaces when walking
Joint capsule of the coffin joint
recessus dorsalis and plantaris + some small additional recesses
Ligaments of the coffin joint
- Ligg. collateralia
- Ligg. sesamoidea collateralia
- Ligg. chondrocompedalia
- ligg. chondrosesamoidea
- ligg. chondroungularia collateralia
- Ligg. chondrounglaria cruciata
ligg. sesamoidea collateralisa
Eq, bo
elastic suspensory ligament of the navicular bone
dorsal to the collateral ligament of the pastern joint to the axial surface of the hoof cartilage to the navicular bone ( sometimes it continous to the third phalanx)
ligg. chondrocempedalia
elastic
goes from the first phalanx, above and behind the collateral ligaments of the pastern joint
the lateral fibers will go to the proximal border of the axial surface of the cartilage
medial fibers goes to the distal phalanx
Ligg. chondrocoronalia
proximally on the dorsal border of the hoof cartilage + collateral ligament of the coffin joint to the second phalanx
Ligg. chondrosesamoidea
between axial surface of the cartilage and the side of the navicular bone
ligg. chondroungularia collateralia
distal border of cartilage + angle of the coffin bone
ligg. chondroungularia cruciata
covered by the deep flexor tendon
axial surface of the cartilage to the distal phalanx of opposite side
Case of ruminant and su regarding the claw joint
lig. interdigitale proximale and distale
Digital flexors of hindlimb
M. flexor digiroum superficialis
M. flexor digitorum profundus
M. flexor digitorum superficialis
lies between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
proximal to tuber calcanei the tendon passes from deep to superficial position to form galea calcanea before it continous down to the digit(s)
in horses the crural part of this muscle is important part of the passive stay apparatus and fixation
O: tuberositas supracondylare laterales
I: tuber calcanei, and middle phalanx of the chief digits
A: flexes the chief digits and extends the hock
M. flexor digitorum profundus
Three individual muscles
- flexor hallucis longus - fibua, tibia and the interosseus membrane
- tibialis caudalis - from fibula
- flexor digitalis longus - from tibia (caudoproximally)
Their tendons unite to fomr the deep digital flexor tendon
Eq, Ru, Su: flexor hallucis longus is applied directly to the caudal surface of the tibia
In the carnivores the caudal tibial is not a part of the deep digital flexor.
the tendon descends in sulcus sustentaculum tali and is held in place by flexor retinaculum
Digital extensors of the hindlimb
extensor digitorum longus
extensor digitorum lateralis
extensor digiti 1 longus
M. extensor digitorum longus
passes thorugh sulcus extensoria and lies on recessus subextensorius, passage over the bursa which is formed by the lateral and medial protrusions of the lateral diverticulum of the joint capsule - becomes a strong tendon at the level of the proximal transverse ligament
O: fossa extensoria
I: 2-5th digit on the distal phalanx
A: extends the digits and draws foot forwards
M. extensor digitorum lateralis
O: fibula
I: first phalanx of digit ( ru 2nd phalanx of IV)
A: extends and abducts digit V
M. extensor hallucis longus
only in Su and Ca
in Eq + ru it is fused with cranial tibial
O: fibula and interosseus membrnae
I: Mt 2 and 2nd digit
A: extends the second digit and the first if present
