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Anatomy III oral > A10 > Flashcards

A10 Flashcards

Carpus, its muscles, muscles of the radioulnar joint

1
Q

What about the muscles of the carpal joint

A

The muscles that work on the carpal joint are long muscles that cover the skeleton of the antebrachia, they work on two joints as they originats from the humerus and stretches down to the carpus or metacarpus.

These muscles are either flexors or extendors as the domestic mammals don’t need much movement.

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2
Q

Carpal extensors

A

M. extensor carpi radialis

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

they all originate from the lateral epicondyle

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3
Q

M. extensor carpi radialis

A

Is the largest extensor, and along with the lateral epicondyle it also originates fromt the lateral epicondyle crest and inserts on the proximal extremities of Mc3 or both Mc2 and Mc3

Fe: two parts, longus and brevis

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4
Q

M. extensor carpi ulnaris

A

In carnivores it is an extendor but in the herbivores it is a flexor. The secondary tendon to the accessory bone wll take over the job for the missing lateral collateral

Ca: inserts on Mc5 and accessory carpal bone, where it blends with retinaculum flexorium

Su: separate branch that inserts on the accessory bone

Eq: main insertion is the accessory carpal bone an remnants of a secondary on Mc4

Ru: main insertion is the accessory carpal bone

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5
Q

Carpal flexors

A

M. flexor carpi radialis

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

all originates from meidal epicondyle of humerus

Assisting muscles

  • Deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor
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6
Q

M. flexor carpi radialis

A

Strong fleshy muscle that inserts on the palmar aspect of the proximal end of the metacarpus

Ca: Mc2 and Mc3

Su: Mc3

Eq: Mc2

Ru: Mc3

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7
Q

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Two heads of origin:
    • Caput humerale – medial epicondyle
    • Caput ulnare – olecranon
      Su: ulnar head is absent
  • Inserts on the accessory carpal bone with a short tendon
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8
Q

Innervation of the muscles acting on the carpal joint

A

N. radialis

  • M. extensor carpi radialis
  • M. extensor carpi ulnaris

N. Medianus

  • M. flexor carpi radialis

N. Ulnaris

  • M. flexor carpi ulnaris
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9
Q

Muscles of the radioulnar joint

A

More developed or only present in the animals able to move the joint in other than flexion and extension, so more developed in the dog whilst the larger animals have less ability to move their radioulnar joint

M. pronator teres

M. pronator quadratus

M. supinator

M. brachioradialis

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10
Q

M. pronator teres

A
  • Moves from the the medial side and more laterally
  • Round at its origin
  • Flat at its insertion

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus

I: medial border of radius,

A: pronates forefoot medially

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11
Q

M. pronator quadratus

A

Pronator quadratus

  • Fills the spatium interrousseum antebrachia between the radius and ulna
  • Transverse fibers

O&I: the apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna

A: pronates the paw

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12
Q

M. supinator brevis

A

Supinator brevis

  • Short and broad
  • Flat and obliquely crosses from the lateral to the medial side
  • There is a sesamoid bone iin this muscle where it crosses the head of the radius

O: epicondylus lateralis

I: cranial surface of the proximal part of radius

A: supinates, also helps in flexing the elbow joint

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13
Q

M. brachioradialis

A

Brachioradialis (supinator longus)

  • Only 33% of dogs have it
  • Frequently removed with the skin

O: crista epicondylus lateralis

I: distally and medially on radius

A: supinates forearm (and forefoot)

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14
Q

Bones of the carpus + interspecies

A

The proximal row is also known as the antebrachial row a full set consists of:

  1. Os carpi radiale – most medially situated
  2. Os carpi intermedium – lieas just below the radius and ulna
  3. Os carpi ulnae – just distal to ulna, laterally
  4. Os carpi accesorium – caudally on the lateral side

The distal row, also known as the metacarpal row, consists of:

  1. Os carpale primum
  2. Os carpale secundum
  3. Os carpale tertium
  4. Os carpale quartum
  • Medial to lateral

Interspecies differences

Su: 8 a full set

Eq: 7-8 C1 is often missing

Ca: 7 Radiale and intermedium is fused to form intermedioradiale

Ru: 6 C1 is missing
C2 and C3 is fused to form Os carpale II et III

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15
Q

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis

A
  • Circumferential articularis on ulna + incisura ulnaris on radius
  • Trochoid
  • Between the distal portion of radius and ulna
  • Extension of antebrachiocarpal joint capsule

Capsula articularis

  • Continuous with the interosseous membrane
  • Short and tight

Lig. radioulnare (ca)

  • Distal pivotal joint
  • Makes for little rotational movement
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16
Q

Articulatio carpi

A
  • Composita articulations, 3 joint cavities, each with its own separate synovial membrane

Ru+ Eq: lateral styloid process + proximal end of metacarpal bones
Short deep limb: bridges the individual articulations
Proximal, middle and distal limb
Ca: Lateral styloid process + ulnar carpal bones

lig. collaterale carpi mediale + laterale

17
Q

The ligaments of the carpus

A

lig collaterale carpi mediale

lig. collatereale carpi laterale
lig. radiocarpeum dorsale
lig. radiocarpeum palmare
lig. ulnocarpeum palmare
lig. intercarpea dorsalis
lig. intercarpei interossea
lig. accesoria ulnare
lig. accesoriocarpoulnare
lig. accesoriametacarpeum
lig. accesoriaquartale
lig. carpometacarpea

18
Q

Articulatio antebrachiocarpea

A
  • Formed by the antebrachial bones + carpal bones of the proximal row
  • Accessory carpal bone articulates with
    ulna in carnivores
    lateral styloid process in equines
  • Type of joint
    hinge joint in Eq
    cochlear in Ru
    ellipsoidal in Ca
  • Greater range of movement in carnivores

Capsula articularis

  • Extensive synovial sac
  • Encloses the distal radioulnar joint in su + ca
19
Q

articualtio radiocarpea

A

radius + prox row of carpal bones

20
Q

articulatio ulnocarpea

A

ulna + prox carpal row

21
Q

ligaments of articulatio antebrachiocarpea

A

Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale (Ø eq)

  • Connecting the cranial distal lip of radius to the dorsal surface of the ulnar carpal
  • Diverge, allowing free opening on the cranial surface of the antebrachiocarpal joint during flexion

Lig. radiocarpeum palmare

Carnivores

  • Anchors ulna to the palmar side of the intermedioradial carpal
  • located just proximal to the accessory carpal bone

Lig. ulnocarpeum palmare

  • palmar surface of the intermedioradial carpal à intermedioradial carpal
22
Q

articulationes intercarpea

A
  • between carpal bones of the same row
  • amphiarthrosis, moderate mobility
  • Gynglymus, flexion and extension with some lateral movement

Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia

  • Absent in horse
  • Elastic ligaments
  • Crosses the joints longitudinally from prox to distal

Ligg. intercarpea palmaria

  • Varies in the species
  • Difficult to separate from the tendons of origin of the interosseous membrane

Ligg. intercarpea interossea

  • Short strong fibres
  • Unites the bones of the same and adjacent rows
23
Q

articulatio mediocarpea

A
  • Proximal row of carpal bones + carpal bones of the distal row
  • Complex hinge joint

Capsula articularis

  • Smaller
  • Communicates with synovial sac of distal carpometacarpal joint, between third and fourth carpal bones

Lig. carpi radiatum Prevents hyperextension of the carpal joint

24
Q

Articulatio ossis carpi accessorii

A
  • The accessory carpal bone acts as a lever for muscles to flex the carpus
  • 4 suspensory ligaments (some with two limbs)

Capsula articularis

  • The fibrous joint capsule is strengthened by the extensor retinaculum on the dorsal aspect and the
    flexor retinaculum on the palmar aspect.

Lig. Accessorioulnare

Eq: Inserts on the lateral styloid process
Ru: Inserts on the lateral styloid process
Ca: arises with the accessoriocarpoulnar ligament, which it fuses with, they then fuse with palmar ulnocarpal
ligament (running from ulna to the intermedioradial carpal bone

Lig. accessoriocarpoulnare

  • 2 crus

Eq: Both crus attached to the ulnar carpal bone
Ru: 1. Ulnar carpal bone
2. Intermediate carpal bone
Ca: Unites the accessory and the ulnar carpal bones,
medial limb ends above

Lig. Accessorioquartale

  • Peculiar to ruminants and horses
  • Attaches to the fourth carpal bone

Lig. accessoriometacarpeum

  • Inserts on the outermost metacarpal bone
  • Ca: has in addition a second limb attaching to the 4th metacarpal bone
25
Q

Canalis carpi

A
  • Transverse carpal ligament
  • Proximal carpal row and retinculum flexorium
  • Superficially: formed by superficial part of flexor retinaculum
  • Deeply: formed by palmar carpal fibrocartilage and palmar part of the joint capsule
  • Bounded laterally by the accessory carpal bone
  • Contains: tendons + synovial sheath of mm. flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
    tendon of flexor carpi radialis
    Radial, median and caudal interosseous arteries and veins
    Ulnar and median nerves

Anatomy III oral (51 decks)

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