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1. Science 20 > A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.4 Everyday Use of Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.4 Everyday Use of Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

What industry pumps hydrocarbons from deep in the ground?

A

Petrochemical industry

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2
Q

What process is used to separate specific types of hydrocarbons from petroleum?

A

Fractional distillation

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3
Q

After hydrocarbons are pumped from the ground, where are they sent?

A

Refinery

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4
Q

What happens to petroleum during fractional distillation?

A

It is vaporized and individual fractions are separated

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The petrochemical industry sends hydrocarbons to a _______.

A

refinery

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6
Q

True or False: The processes used in the petrochemical industry are designed to mix hydrocarbons.

A

False

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7
Q

What are the two possible outcomes for hydrocarbons once they have been refined?

A
  • They may be combusted or burned for energy.
  • They may become the raw material for making products (e.g., plastics, synthetic fabrics, cosmetics, medicines).
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8
Q

What is combustion?

A

A rapid reaction with oxygen that produces energy and oxides.

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9
Q

What are hydrocarbons primarily used for by consumers?

A

As fuel.

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10
Q

Why are hydrocarbons considered excellent fuels?

A
  • They are relatively stable and easily transported.
  • They have bonds that store much energy.
  • They are readily available (for the time being).
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11
Q

What are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
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12
Q

Fill in the blank: When hydrocarbons are combusted, oxygen reacts with the hydrocarbon fuel to produce _______ and water vapour.

A

carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What is the chemical reaction for the combustion of methane?

A

CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)

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14
Q

True or False: Hydrocarbons are not readily available for energy use.

A

False

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15
Q

What happens when the ratio of oxygen to fuel is right during combustion?

A

Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame.

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16
Q

What is the main product formed when hydrocarbons are combusted?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

These are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion.

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17
Q

What is the chemical equation for the combustion of methane?

A

CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)

Methane reacts with oxygen during combustion.

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18
Q

What role does energy play in the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Energy is required to break carbon-hydrogen and oxygen-oxygen bonds

This input energy is necessary for the reaction to occur.

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19
Q

How is energy provided to modern furnaces for combustion?

A

By a spark from an electronic igniter

Older models use a pilot light to provide the initial energy.

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20
Q

What happens to atoms during the combustion reaction?

A

Atoms move into an unstable and energized state

They recombine to form more stable carbon dioxide and water.

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21
Q

What is the result of the bond formation of carbon dioxide and water in terms of energy?

A

Energy is released to the environment

The output energy from forming these bonds is greater than the input energy needed to break the initial bonds.

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22
Q

What indicates that the ratio of oxygen to fuel is correct during combustion?

A

Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame

This is a visual indicator of efficient combustion.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The simplest hydrocarbon is _______.

A

methane

Methane is the primary component of natural gas.

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24
Q

What is the main product formed when hydrocarbons are combusted?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

These are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion.

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25
Q

What is the chemical equation for the combustion of methane?

A

CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)

Methane reacts with oxygen during combustion.

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26
Q

What role does energy play in the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Energy is required to break carbon-hydrogen and oxygen-oxygen bonds

This input energy is necessary for the reaction to occur.

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27
Q

How is energy provided to modern furnaces for combustion?

A

By a spark from an electronic igniter

Older models use a pilot light to provide the initial energy.

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28
Q

What happens to atoms during the combustion reaction?

A

Atoms move into an unstable and energized state

They recombine to form more stable carbon dioxide and water.

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29
Q

What is the result of the bond formation of carbon dioxide and water in terms of energy?

A

Energy is released to the environment

The output energy from forming these bonds is greater than the input energy needed to break the initial bonds.

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30
Q

What indicates that the ratio of oxygen to fuel is correct during combustion?

A

Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame

This is a visual indicator of efficient combustion.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: The simplest hydrocarbon is _______.

A

methane

Methane is the primary component of natural gas.

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32
Q

What happens to longer hydrocarbon chains in combustion reactions compared to shorter ones?

A

Longer hydrocarbon chains store a greater amount of energy, require greater amounts of oxygen, and produce more carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy.

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33
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane?

A

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

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34
Q

For every mole of propane, how many moles of oxygen are required?

A

5 moles of oxygen

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35
Q

For every mole of propane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?

A

3 moles of carbon dioxide

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36
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane?

A

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

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37
Q

For every mole of octane, how many moles of oxygen are required?

A

12.5 moles of oxygen

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38
Q

For every mole of octane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?

A

8 moles of carbon dioxide

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39
Q

True or False: Longer hydrocarbon chains produce less energy than shorter hydrocarbon chains.

A

False

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: Longer hydrocarbon chains require _______ amounts of oxygen to be combusted than shorter hydrocarbon chains.

A

greater

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41
Q

Which fuel, propane or octane, uses more energy to break chemical bonds?

A

Octane

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42
Q

What happens to longer hydrocarbon chains in combustion reactions compared to shorter ones?

A

Longer hydrocarbon chains store a greater amount of energy, require greater amounts of oxygen, and produce more carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy.

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43
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane?

A

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

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44
Q

For every mole of propane, how many moles of oxygen are required?

A

5 moles of oxygen

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45
Q

For every mole of propane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?

A

3 moles of carbon dioxide

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46
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane?

A

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

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47
Q

For every mole of octane, how many moles of oxygen are required?

A

12.5 moles of oxygen

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48
Q

For every mole of octane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?

A

8 moles of carbon dioxide

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49
Q

True or False: Longer hydrocarbon chains produce less energy than shorter hydrocarbon chains.

A

False

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50
Q

Fill in the blank: Longer hydrocarbon chains require _______ amounts of oxygen to be combusted than shorter hydrocarbon chains.

A

greater

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51
Q

Which fuel, propane or octane, uses more energy to break chemical bonds?

A

Octane

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52
Q

What is the chemical formula for the combustion of octane?

A

2C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

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53
Q

How many moles of oxygen are required for the combustion of one mole of octane?

A

2.5 mol

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54
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of one mole of octane?

A

8 mol

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55
Q

True or False: The combustion of octane uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide per mole than propane.

A

False

56
Q

What characteristic of octane contributes to the expectation of more energy being released during combustion?

A

Larger molecule with a longer carbon chain and more covalent bonds

57
Q

Fill in the blank: Octane has _______ covalent bonds than propane.

A

more

58
Q

What is expected from the combustion of one mole of octane compared to propane in terms of energy release?

A

More energy is expected to be released

59
Q

What is the chemical formula for the combustion of octane?

A

2C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

60
Q

How many moles of oxygen are required for the combustion of one mole of octane?

A

2.5 mol

61
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of one mole of octane?

A

8 mol

62
Q

True or False: The combustion of octane uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide per mole than propane.

A

False

63
Q

What characteristic of octane contributes to the expectation of more energy being released during combustion?

A

Larger molecule with a longer carbon chain and more covalent bonds

64
Q

Fill in the blank: Octane has _______ covalent bonds than propane.

A

more

65
Q

What is expected from the combustion of one mole of octane compared to propane in terms of energy release?

A

More energy is expected to be released

66
Q

What has increased significantly in the last 200 years?

A

The combustion of hydrocarbons by humans

This includes the burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.

67
Q

What is visible in the exhaust of a vehicle?

A

Condensed water vapour

This water vapour is a byproduct of the combustion process.

68
Q

What gas’s concentration in the atmosphere has increased due to human activities?

A

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of hydrocarbons.

69
Q

What unique properties does carbon dioxide have when present in the atmosphere?

A

Helps trap heat near Earth’s surface

This contributes to the greenhouse effect.

70
Q

What effect is enhanced by the increased levels of carbon dioxide?

A

Natural greenhouse effect

This enhancement is believed to be warming the Earth.

71
Q

What is the consequence of rising carbon dioxide levels according to many scientists?

A

Global climate change

Evidence suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels will eventually lead to significant climate shifts.

72
Q

True or False: The average global temperature is rising due to increased carbon dioxide levels.

A

True

This is supported by scientific evidence linking carbon dioxide concentrations to temperature increases.

73
Q

What are many products made from?

A

Changing hydrocarbons chemically

74
Q

What are products made from plastics often composed of?

A

Long carbon chains formed by joining many short, unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules

75
Q

What is the starting molecule for creating polyethylene?

A

Ethene

76
Q

What happens to the double bond in ethene during the creation of polyethylene?

A

It breaks open

77
Q

Fill in the blank: Products made from plastics are often made up of long carbon chains formed by joining many short, _______ hydrocarbon molecules.

A

Unsaturated

78
Q

True or False: Polyethylene is created from saturated hydrocarbon molecules.

A

False

79
Q

What is the molecular formula for polyethylene?

A

C2H4

The molecular formula reflects the repeating unit in the polymer chain.

80
Q

What does ‘n’ indicate in the context of polyethylene?

A

Number of units in the polymer chain

‘n’ represents how many repeating units of the base molecule are in the polymer.

81
Q

What is polymerization?

A

A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains

This process is fundamental in creating polymers like polyethylene.

82
Q

Define ‘polymer’.

A

A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization reaction

Polymers can have various properties depending on their structure and the types of monomers used.

83
Q

True or False: Polyethylene is formed from a single hydrocarbon molecule.

A

False

Polyethylene is formed from many short hydrocarbon molecules, not just one.

84
Q

What is the molecular formula for polyethylene?

A

C2H4

The molecular formula reflects the repeating unit in the polymer chain.

85
Q

What does ‘n’ indicate in the context of polyethylene?

A

Number of units in the polymer chain

‘n’ represents how many repeating units of the base molecule are in the polymer.

86
Q

What is polymerization?

A

A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains

This process is fundamental in creating polymers like polyethylene.

87
Q

Define ‘polymer’.

A

A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization reaction

Polymers can have various properties depending on their structure and the types of monomers used.

88
Q

True or False: Polyethylene is formed from a single hydrocarbon molecule.

A

False

Polyethylene is formed from many short hydrocarbon molecules, not just one.

89
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating structural units known as monomers.

90
Q

What affects the properties of polymers?

A

The properties of polymers are a result of their chemical structure.

91
Q

How do longer polymer chains differ from shorter polymer chains?

A

Longer polymer chains will have different properties than shorter polymer chains.

92
Q

What is the impact of branching in polymers?

A

Polymers with branches will have different properties than polymers without branches.

93
Q

What happens when different polymers are mixed?

A

Even mixtures of polymers have different properties.

94
Q

What is a practical application of understanding polymer properties?

A

The matching of a polymer’s characteristics to a useful application is done in industry.

95
Q

What is the significance of the development of new types of polymers?

A

The development of new types of polymers to produce plastics with unique properties is extensive.

96
Q

Fill in the blank: The properties of polymers are a result of their _______.

A

[chemical structure]

97
Q

True or False: All polymers have the same properties regardless of their structure.

A

False

98
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating structural units known as monomers.

99
Q

What affects the properties of polymers?

A

The properties of polymers are a result of their chemical structure.

100
Q

How do longer polymer chains differ from shorter polymer chains?

A

Longer polymer chains will have different properties than shorter polymer chains.

101
Q

What is the impact of branching in polymers?

A

Polymers with branches will have different properties than polymers without branches.

102
Q

What happens when different polymers are mixed?

A

Even mixtures of polymers have different properties.

103
Q

What is a practical application of understanding polymer properties?

A

The matching of a polymer’s characteristics to a useful application is done in industry.

104
Q

What is the significance of the development of new types of polymers?

A

The development of new types of polymers to produce plastics with unique properties is extensive.

105
Q

Fill in the blank: The properties of polymers are a result of their _______.

A

[chemical structure]

106
Q

True or False: All polymers have the same properties regardless of their structure.

A

False

107
Q

What are examples of everyday polymers?

A

Rubbers and plastics

These materials are commonly used in products and coatings.

108
Q

What is a key characteristic of polymers?

A

They are stable substances

This means they do not react readily with other compounds.

109
Q

What is the greatest problem associated with polymers?

A

They lack a long time to decompose or degrade.

110
Q

How do natural processes struggle with consumer products made from polymers?

A

It is difficult for natural processes to return these products back to Earth.

111
Q

What happens to carbon atoms in polymers?

A

They become locked for hundreds of years.

112
Q

Fill in the blank: Polymers are used as materials for products or as a _______ to protect products.

A

[coating]

113
Q

True or False: Polymers readily break down in the environment.

A

False

114
Q

What challenge do polymers pose to the environment?

A

They take a long time to decompose.

115
Q

What do industries rely on to produce goods that suit people’s needs?

A

Natural resources

116
Q

What is a consequence of polymers’ stability?

A

They do not react readily with compounds.

117
Q

What are examples of everyday polymers?

A

Rubbers and plastics

These materials are commonly used in products and coatings.

118
Q

What is a key characteristic of polymers?

A

They are stable substances

This means they do not react readily with other compounds.

119
Q

What is the greatest problem associated with polymers?

A

They lack a long time to decompose or degrade.

120
Q

How do natural processes struggle with consumer products made from polymers?

A

It is difficult for natural processes to return these products back to Earth.

121
Q

What happens to carbon atoms in polymers?

A

They become locked for hundreds of years.

122
Q

Fill in the blank: Polymers are used as materials for products or as a _______ to protect products.

A

[coating]

123
Q

True or False: Polymers readily break down in the environment.

A

False

124
Q

What challenge do polymers pose to the environment?

A

They take a long time to decompose.

125
Q

What do industries rely on to produce goods that suit people’s needs?

A

Natural resources

126
Q

What is a consequence of polymers’ stability?

A

They do not react readily with compounds.

127
Q

What is the starting compound used to make polypropylene?

A

The starting compound is a hydrocarbon chain with the formula C3H6.

Polypropylene is commonly used for indoor-outdoor carpeting and bottles.

128
Q

What is the starting compound used to make polyvinylchloride (PVC)?

A

The starting compound is a vinyl compound with the formula C2H3Cl.

PVC is used in products such as plastic wrap, synthetic leather, and garden hoses.

129
Q

What is the starting compound used to make polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)?

A

The starting compound is tetrafluoroethylene with the formula C2F4.

Teflon is used for non-stick coatings on frying pans, cooking utensils, and electrical insulation.

130
Q

Fill in the blank: Polypropylene is used to make _______.

A

indoor-outdoor carpeting and bottles.

131
Q

Fill in the blank: PVC is commonly used in _______.

A

plastic wrap, synthetic leather, and garden hoses.

132
Q

True or False: Teflon is used for non-stick coatings.

A

True

133
Q

List three products made from PVC.

A
  • Plastic wrap
  • Synthetic leather
  • Garden hoses
134
Q

What type of polymer is polypropylene?

A

A thermoplastic polymer.

135
Q

What is the significance of the repeating polymer unit in the context of polymers?

A

It determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymer.

1. Science 20 (52 decks)

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