A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.4 Everyday Use of Hydrocarbons Flashcards
What industry pumps hydrocarbons from deep in the ground?
Petrochemical industry
What process is used to separate specific types of hydrocarbons from petroleum?
Fractional distillation
After hydrocarbons are pumped from the ground, where are they sent?
Refinery
What happens to petroleum during fractional distillation?
It is vaporized and individual fractions are separated
Fill in the blank: The petrochemical industry sends hydrocarbons to a _______.
refinery
True or False: The processes used in the petrochemical industry are designed to mix hydrocarbons.
False
What are the two possible outcomes for hydrocarbons once they have been refined?
- They may be combusted or burned for energy.
- They may become the raw material for making products (e.g., plastics, synthetic fabrics, cosmetics, medicines).
What is combustion?
A rapid reaction with oxygen that produces energy and oxides.
What are hydrocarbons primarily used for by consumers?
As fuel.
Why are hydrocarbons considered excellent fuels?
- They are relatively stable and easily transported.
- They have bonds that store much energy.
- They are readily available (for the time being).
What are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion?
- Carbon dioxide
- Water
Fill in the blank: When hydrocarbons are combusted, oxygen reacts with the hydrocarbon fuel to produce _______ and water vapour.
carbon dioxide
What is the chemical reaction for the combustion of methane?
CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)
True or False: Hydrocarbons are not readily available for energy use.
False
What happens when the ratio of oxygen to fuel is right during combustion?
Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame.
What is the main product formed when hydrocarbons are combusted?
Carbon dioxide and water
These are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion.
What is the chemical equation for the combustion of methane?
CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)
Methane reacts with oxygen during combustion.
What role does energy play in the combustion of hydrocarbons?
Energy is required to break carbon-hydrogen and oxygen-oxygen bonds
This input energy is necessary for the reaction to occur.
How is energy provided to modern furnaces for combustion?
By a spark from an electronic igniter
Older models use a pilot light to provide the initial energy.
What happens to atoms during the combustion reaction?
Atoms move into an unstable and energized state
They recombine to form more stable carbon dioxide and water.
What is the result of the bond formation of carbon dioxide and water in terms of energy?
Energy is released to the environment
The output energy from forming these bonds is greater than the input energy needed to break the initial bonds.
What indicates that the ratio of oxygen to fuel is correct during combustion?
Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame
This is a visual indicator of efficient combustion.
Fill in the blank: The simplest hydrocarbon is _______.
methane
Methane is the primary component of natural gas.
What is the main product formed when hydrocarbons are combusted?
Carbon dioxide and water
These are the most common oxides formed during hydrocarbon combustion.
What is the chemical equation for the combustion of methane?
CH₄(g) + 2 O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(g)
Methane reacts with oxygen during combustion.
What role does energy play in the combustion of hydrocarbons?
Energy is required to break carbon-hydrogen and oxygen-oxygen bonds
This input energy is necessary for the reaction to occur.
How is energy provided to modern furnaces for combustion?
By a spark from an electronic igniter
Older models use a pilot light to provide the initial energy.
What happens to atoms during the combustion reaction?
Atoms move into an unstable and energized state
They recombine to form more stable carbon dioxide and water.
What is the result of the bond formation of carbon dioxide and water in terms of energy?
Energy is released to the environment
The output energy from forming these bonds is greater than the input energy needed to break the initial bonds.
What indicates that the ratio of oxygen to fuel is correct during combustion?
Hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame
This is a visual indicator of efficient combustion.
Fill in the blank: The simplest hydrocarbon is _______.
methane
Methane is the primary component of natural gas.
What happens to longer hydrocarbon chains in combustion reactions compared to shorter ones?
Longer hydrocarbon chains store a greater amount of energy, require greater amounts of oxygen, and produce more carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy.
What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane?
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
For every mole of propane, how many moles of oxygen are required?
5 moles of oxygen
For every mole of propane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?
3 moles of carbon dioxide
What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane?
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
For every mole of octane, how many moles of oxygen are required?
12.5 moles of oxygen
For every mole of octane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?
8 moles of carbon dioxide
True or False: Longer hydrocarbon chains produce less energy than shorter hydrocarbon chains.
False
Fill in the blank: Longer hydrocarbon chains require _______ amounts of oxygen to be combusted than shorter hydrocarbon chains.
greater
Which fuel, propane or octane, uses more energy to break chemical bonds?
Octane
What happens to longer hydrocarbon chains in combustion reactions compared to shorter ones?
Longer hydrocarbon chains store a greater amount of energy, require greater amounts of oxygen, and produce more carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy.
What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane?
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
For every mole of propane, how many moles of oxygen are required?
5 moles of oxygen
For every mole of propane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?
3 moles of carbon dioxide
What is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane?
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
For every mole of octane, how many moles of oxygen are required?
12.5 moles of oxygen
For every mole of octane, how many moles of carbon dioxide are produced?
8 moles of carbon dioxide
True or False: Longer hydrocarbon chains produce less energy than shorter hydrocarbon chains.
False
Fill in the blank: Longer hydrocarbon chains require _______ amounts of oxygen to be combusted than shorter hydrocarbon chains.
greater
Which fuel, propane or octane, uses more energy to break chemical bonds?
Octane
What is the chemical formula for the combustion of octane?
2C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
How many moles of oxygen are required for the combustion of one mole of octane?
2.5 mol
How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of one mole of octane?
8 mol
True or False: The combustion of octane uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide per mole than propane.
False
What characteristic of octane contributes to the expectation of more energy being released during combustion?
Larger molecule with a longer carbon chain and more covalent bonds
Fill in the blank: Octane has _______ covalent bonds than propane.
more
What is expected from the combustion of one mole of octane compared to propane in terms of energy release?
More energy is expected to be released
What is the chemical formula for the combustion of octane?
2C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
How many moles of oxygen are required for the combustion of one mole of octane?
2.5 mol
How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of one mole of octane?
8 mol
True or False: The combustion of octane uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide per mole than propane.
False
What characteristic of octane contributes to the expectation of more energy being released during combustion?
Larger molecule with a longer carbon chain and more covalent bonds
Fill in the blank: Octane has _______ covalent bonds than propane.
more
What is expected from the combustion of one mole of octane compared to propane in terms of energy release?
More energy is expected to be released
What has increased significantly in the last 200 years?
The combustion of hydrocarbons by humans
This includes the burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
What is visible in the exhaust of a vehicle?
Condensed water vapour
This water vapour is a byproduct of the combustion process.
What gas’s concentration in the atmosphere has increased due to human activities?
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of hydrocarbons.
What unique properties does carbon dioxide have when present in the atmosphere?
Helps trap heat near Earth’s surface
This contributes to the greenhouse effect.
What effect is enhanced by the increased levels of carbon dioxide?
Natural greenhouse effect
This enhancement is believed to be warming the Earth.
What is the consequence of rising carbon dioxide levels according to many scientists?
Global climate change
Evidence suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels will eventually lead to significant climate shifts.
True or False: The average global temperature is rising due to increased carbon dioxide levels.
True
This is supported by scientific evidence linking carbon dioxide concentrations to temperature increases.
What are many products made from?
Changing hydrocarbons chemically
What are products made from plastics often composed of?
Long carbon chains formed by joining many short, unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules
What is the starting molecule for creating polyethylene?
Ethene
What happens to the double bond in ethene during the creation of polyethylene?
It breaks open
Fill in the blank: Products made from plastics are often made up of long carbon chains formed by joining many short, _______ hydrocarbon molecules.
Unsaturated
True or False: Polyethylene is created from saturated hydrocarbon molecules.
False
What is the molecular formula for polyethylene?
C2H4
The molecular formula reflects the repeating unit in the polymer chain.
What does ‘n’ indicate in the context of polyethylene?
Number of units in the polymer chain
‘n’ represents how many repeating units of the base molecule are in the polymer.
What is polymerization?
A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains
This process is fundamental in creating polymers like polyethylene.
Define ‘polymer’.
A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization reaction
Polymers can have various properties depending on their structure and the types of monomers used.
True or False: Polyethylene is formed from a single hydrocarbon molecule.
False
Polyethylene is formed from many short hydrocarbon molecules, not just one.
What is the molecular formula for polyethylene?
C2H4
The molecular formula reflects the repeating unit in the polymer chain.
What does ‘n’ indicate in the context of polyethylene?
Number of units in the polymer chain
‘n’ represents how many repeating units of the base molecule are in the polymer.
What is polymerization?
A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains
This process is fundamental in creating polymers like polyethylene.
Define ‘polymer’.
A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization reaction
Polymers can have various properties depending on their structure and the types of monomers used.
True or False: Polyethylene is formed from a single hydrocarbon molecule.
False
Polyethylene is formed from many short hydrocarbon molecules, not just one.
What are polymers?
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating structural units known as monomers.
What affects the properties of polymers?
The properties of polymers are a result of their chemical structure.
How do longer polymer chains differ from shorter polymer chains?
Longer polymer chains will have different properties than shorter polymer chains.
What is the impact of branching in polymers?
Polymers with branches will have different properties than polymers without branches.
What happens when different polymers are mixed?
Even mixtures of polymers have different properties.
What is a practical application of understanding polymer properties?
The matching of a polymer’s characteristics to a useful application is done in industry.
What is the significance of the development of new types of polymers?
The development of new types of polymers to produce plastics with unique properties is extensive.
Fill in the blank: The properties of polymers are a result of their _______.
[chemical structure]
True or False: All polymers have the same properties regardless of their structure.
False
What are polymers?
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating structural units known as monomers.
What affects the properties of polymers?
The properties of polymers are a result of their chemical structure.
How do longer polymer chains differ from shorter polymer chains?
Longer polymer chains will have different properties than shorter polymer chains.
What is the impact of branching in polymers?
Polymers with branches will have different properties than polymers without branches.
What happens when different polymers are mixed?
Even mixtures of polymers have different properties.
What is a practical application of understanding polymer properties?
The matching of a polymer’s characteristics to a useful application is done in industry.
What is the significance of the development of new types of polymers?
The development of new types of polymers to produce plastics with unique properties is extensive.
Fill in the blank: The properties of polymers are a result of their _______.
[chemical structure]
True or False: All polymers have the same properties regardless of their structure.
False
What are examples of everyday polymers?
Rubbers and plastics
These materials are commonly used in products and coatings.
What is a key characteristic of polymers?
They are stable substances
This means they do not react readily with other compounds.
What is the greatest problem associated with polymers?
They lack a long time to decompose or degrade.
How do natural processes struggle with consumer products made from polymers?
It is difficult for natural processes to return these products back to Earth.
What happens to carbon atoms in polymers?
They become locked for hundreds of years.
Fill in the blank: Polymers are used as materials for products or as a _______ to protect products.
[coating]
True or False: Polymers readily break down in the environment.
False
What challenge do polymers pose to the environment?
They take a long time to decompose.
What do industries rely on to produce goods that suit people’s needs?
Natural resources
What is a consequence of polymers’ stability?
They do not react readily with compounds.
What are examples of everyday polymers?
Rubbers and plastics
These materials are commonly used in products and coatings.
What is a key characteristic of polymers?
They are stable substances
This means they do not react readily with other compounds.
What is the greatest problem associated with polymers?
They lack a long time to decompose or degrade.
How do natural processes struggle with consumer products made from polymers?
It is difficult for natural processes to return these products back to Earth.
What happens to carbon atoms in polymers?
They become locked for hundreds of years.
Fill in the blank: Polymers are used as materials for products or as a _______ to protect products.
[coating]
True or False: Polymers readily break down in the environment.
False
What challenge do polymers pose to the environment?
They take a long time to decompose.
What do industries rely on to produce goods that suit people’s needs?
Natural resources
What is a consequence of polymers’ stability?
They do not react readily with compounds.
What is the starting compound used to make polypropylene?
The starting compound is a hydrocarbon chain with the formula C3H6.
Polypropylene is commonly used for indoor-outdoor carpeting and bottles.
What is the starting compound used to make polyvinylchloride (PVC)?
The starting compound is a vinyl compound with the formula C2H3Cl.
PVC is used in products such as plastic wrap, synthetic leather, and garden hoses.
What is the starting compound used to make polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)?
The starting compound is tetrafluoroethylene with the formula C2F4.
Teflon is used for non-stick coatings on frying pans, cooking utensils, and electrical insulation.
Fill in the blank: Polypropylene is used to make _______.
indoor-outdoor carpeting and bottles.
Fill in the blank: PVC is commonly used in _______.
plastic wrap, synthetic leather, and garden hoses.
True or False: Teflon is used for non-stick coatings.
True
List three products made from PVC.
- Plastic wrap
- Synthetic leather
- Garden hoses
What type of polymer is polypropylene?
A thermoplastic polymer.
What is the significance of the repeating polymer unit in the context of polymers?
It determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymer.
