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1. Science 20 > A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.1 Carbon Chains > Flashcards

A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.1 Carbon Chains Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbon-based compounds primarily made up of?

A

Carbon atoms

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2
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds composed of carbon

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3
Q

Why was the study of carbon-based compounds originally called organic chemistry?

A

Because most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are carbon based

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4
Q

Name three medications that are carbon-based compounds.

A
  • Aspirin
  • Tylenol
  • Advil
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5
Q

Fill in the blank: Most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are _______.

A

carbon based

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6
Q

What are some examples of carbon-based compounds found in everyday items?

A
  • Gasoline
  • Plastic
  • Synthetic materials
  • Medications
  • Molecules that make up the body
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7
Q

What are the three main macromolecules made of carbon chains?

A

Fats, proteins, and sugars

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8
Q

Why is carbon considered an important building block of living and non-living things?

A

Due to its ability to form stable bonds with other atoms

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9
Q

How many electrons can carbon’s second electron energy level hold?

A

8 electrons

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10
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4 valence electrons

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11
Q

How many bonds does carbon need to form to become stable?

A

4 bonds

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12
Q

What is the significance of filling the outer electron energy level in an atom?

A

It makes the atom most stable

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Carbon has _______ empty spots in its outer electron energy level.

A

4

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14
Q

True or False: Carbon can bond with only one other atom to become stable.

A

False

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15
Q

What type of diagram represents the electrons on carbon’s last electron energy level?

A

Lewis Dot Diagram

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16
Q

What is the role of bonds in achieving stability for carbon?

A

To fill its outer electron energy level

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17
Q

What is the chemical formula for methane?

A

CH4

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18
Q

How many atoms of hydrogen are bonded to a carbon atom in methane?

A

4

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19
Q

What is the bonding characteristic of hydrogen?

A

Bonds to 1 other atom

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20
Q

How many electrons does hydrogen have in its first energy level?

A

1

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21
Q

What is required for hydrogen to fill its outer electron energy level?

A

1 electron

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22
Q

How many bonds does carbon need to form to be stable?

A

4

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23
Q

What type of diagram represents the bonding of electrons in atoms?

A

Lewis Dot Diagram

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24
Q

What ability does carbon have due to its bonding characteristics?

A

To produce a large variety of compounds

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25
Q

What is the chemical formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Each hydrogen is bonded to _______ atom.

A

1

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27
Q

True or False: Carbon can form many bonds with other atoms.

A

True

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28
Q

What is the significance of carbon’s ability to form four bonds?

A

It allows for the formation of complex molecules

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29
Q

In a molecular model of propane, how many carbon atoms are present?

A

3

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30
Q

In the context of bonding, what does stability refer to?

A

Having a full outer electron energy level

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31
Q

What is butane used for?

A

Butane is used as a fuel in barbecue lighters.

Butane is a simple hydrocarbon compound.

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32
Q

What is ethene the starting compound for?

A

Ethene is the starting compound used to produce polyethylene.

Polyethylene is commonly used to make plastic bags.

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33
Q

What is ethyne the starting compound for?

A

Ethyne is the starting compound for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

PVC is used to make rain gear.

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34
Q

Define hydrocarbons.

A

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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35
Q

True or False: Ethene is used to produce plastic bags.

A

True.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: Ethyne is used to make _______.

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

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37
Q

What significant discovery is mentioned in relation to synthetic organic molecules?

A

Wöhler’s discovery.

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38
Q

List three simple carbon compounds mentioned.

A
  • Butane
  • Ethene
  • Ethyne
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39
Q

What type of products have scientists focused on since Wöhler’s discovery?

A

Synthetic organic molecules.

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40
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds.

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41
Q

What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?

A

Single, double, or triple bonds

These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.

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42
Q

Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?

A

They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules

Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.

A

carbon

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44
Q

True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

False

Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.

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45
Q

What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?

A

Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles

This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.

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46
Q

What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?

A

They can find their way into lakes and rivers

This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.

A

simplest

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48
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds.

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49
Q

What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?

A

Single, double, or triple bonds

These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.

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50
Q

Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?

A

They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules

Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.

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51
Q

Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.

A

carbon

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52
Q

True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

False

Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.

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53
Q

What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?

A

Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles

This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.

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54
Q

What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?

A

They can find their way into lakes and rivers

This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.

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55
Q

Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.

A

simplest

56
Q

What is propane an example of?

A

Propane is an example of alkanes

Alkanes are the simplest group of hydrocarbons.

57
Q

Define alkane.

A

A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds

Alkanes have only single bonds between carbon atoms.

58
Q

What is the general chemical formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

In this formula, n represents the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon.

59
Q

How many other atoms is each carbon in an alkane bonded to?

A

Four other atoms

This bonding arrangement is due to carbon’s tetravalency.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: Alkanes have only _______ bonds between carbon atoms.

A

single

This distinguishes them from other types of hydrocarbons.

61
Q

True or False: Alkanes can contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.

A

False

Alkanes only have single bonds between carbon atoms.

62
Q

What are continuous-chain alkanes?

A

An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms

Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.

63
Q

What does a chemical formula represent?

A

The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols

Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.

64
Q

What does a Lewis dot diagram show?

A

The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols

Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.

65
Q

What is a complete structural diagram?

A

A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms

This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.

66
Q

What is a condensed structural diagram?

A

A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen

Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.

A

continuous-chain alkanes

68
Q

True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.

A

False

A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.

69
Q

List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.

A
  • Chemical formula
  • Lewis dot diagram
  • Complete structural diagram
  • Condensed structural diagram

These representations vary in detail and complexity.

70
Q

What are continuous-chain alkanes?

A

An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms

Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.

71
Q

What does a chemical formula represent?

A

The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols

Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.

72
Q

What does a Lewis dot diagram show?

A

The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols

Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.

73
Q

What is a complete structural diagram?

A

A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms

This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.

74
Q

What is a condensed structural diagram?

A

A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen

Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.

A

continuous-chain alkanes

76
Q

True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.

A

False

A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.

77
Q

List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.

A
  • Chemical formula
  • Lewis dot diagram
  • Complete structural diagram
  • Condensed structural diagram

These representations vary in detail and complexity.

78
Q

What is the primary purpose of naming organic compounds?

A

To provide a systematic way to name compounds for accurate description of size and structure

Pharmacists and scientists require a standardized naming system for effective communication.

79
Q

Which organization developed the system for naming organic compounds?

A

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

IUPAC is recognized for establishing a systematic nomenclature for chemistry.

80
Q

What do prefixes in the naming system indicate?

A

The number of carbons within a carbon chain

Prefixes are essential for identifying the length of the carbon chain in organic molecules.

81
Q

What do suffixes in the naming system indicate?

A

The family the molecule belongs to

Suffixes help categorize organic molecules based on their structural characteristics.

82
Q

What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 4 carbons?

A

but

The prefix ‘but’ is used for butane, a four-carbon alkane.

83
Q

What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 5 carbons?

A

pent

Pentane is an example of an alkane with five carbon atoms.

84
Q

What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 6 carbons?

A

hex

Hexane refers to a six-carbon alkane.

85
Q

What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 7 carbons?

A

hept

Heptane is the name given to a seven-carbon alkane.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: A prefix is the first syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the number of _______ in the molecule.

A

carbon atoms

This definition highlights the role of prefixes in organic nomenclature.

87
Q

Fill in the blank: A suffix is the second syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the _______ of the organic molecule.

A

family

Suffixes are crucial for identifying the classification of organic compounds.

88
Q

True or False: There are fewer than half a million compounds that do not contain carbon.

A

True

The text states there are under half a million non-carbon compounds, contrasting with over ten million carbon-containing compounds.

89
Q

True or False: New organic compounds are no longer being added to the list of known compounds.

A

False

The text indicates that new organic compounds are added daily.

90
Q

What is the chemical formula for methane?

A

CH₄

Methane is the simplest alkane and is a gaseous fuel.

91
Q

What is the chemical formula for ethane?

A

C₂H₆

Ethane is also a gaseous fuel.

92
Q

What is the chemical formula for propane?

A

C₃H₈

Propane is used as a gaseous fuel and is a starting compound for plastics.

93
Q

What is the chemical formula for butane?

A

C₄H₁₀

Butane is commonly used as a gaseous fuel.

94
Q

What is the chemical formula for pentane?

A

C₅H₁₂

Pentane is utilized as a solvent and liquid fuel.

95
Q

What is the chemical formula for hexane?

A

C₆H₁₄

Hexane serves as a solvent and liquid fuel.

96
Q

What is the chemical formula for heptane?

A

C₇H₁₆

Heptane is used as a solvent and liquid fuel.

97
Q

What is the chemical formula for octane?

A

C₈H₁₈

Octane is an important component in gasoline.

98
Q

What is the chemical formula for nonane?

A

C₉H₂₀

Nonane is a liquid fuel.

99
Q

What is the chemical formula for decane?

A

C₁₀H₂₂

Decane is another liquid fuel.

100
Q

What are the applications of methane?

A

Gaseous fuel

Methane is primarily used as a gaseous fuel.

101
Q

What are the applications of ethane?

A

Gaseous fuel

Ethane is used as a gaseous fuel.

102
Q

What are the applications of propane?

A

Gaseous fuel, starting compound for plastics

Propane is versatile and used in various applications.

103
Q

What are the applications of butane?

A

Gaseous fuel

Butane is mainly used as a gaseous fuel.

104
Q

What are the applications of pentane?

A

Solvent, liquid fuel

Pentane is effective as a solvent and liquid fuel.

105
Q

What are the applications of hexane?

A

Solvent, liquid fuel

Hexane is widely used as a solvent and liquid fuel.

106
Q

What are the applications of heptane?

A

Solvent, liquid fuel

Heptane serves as both a solvent and liquid fuel.

107
Q

What are the applications of octane?

A

Ingredients in gasoline

Octane is a critical component for gasoline.

108
Q

What are the applications of nonane?

A

Liquid fuel

Nonane is utilized as a liquid fuel.

109
Q

What are the applications of decane?

A

Liquid fuel

Decane also functions as a liquid fuel.

110
Q

What is a nonane?

A

A straight-chain alkane with nine carbon atoms.

111
Q

What is decane?

A

A straight-chain alkane with ten carbon atoms.

112
Q

What does CH₀ represent?

A

A molecular formula that implies a hydrocarbon structure.

113
Q

What are Simplified Structural Diagrams?

A

Shortcuts developed to make drawing and reading molecular structures easier.

114
Q

What is a Molecular Model?

A

A three-dimensional representation of a molecule.

115
Q

What is liquid fuel?

A

A type of fuel that is in liquid form, such as jet fuel and diesel.

116
Q

Why are structural diagrams complex?

A

The structural diagrams of many compounds can become very complex and difficult to draw.

117
Q

What is a Complete Structural Diagram?

A

A detailed representation showing all atoms and bonds in a molecule.

118
Q

What is a Condensed Structural Diagram?

A

A simplified representation that groups atoms together without showing all bonds.

119
Q

What is a Line Structural Diagram?

A

A diagram that uses short lines to show the bonds between carbon atoms.

120
Q

In a Line Structural Diagram, what do the ends of the segments represent?

A

Carbon atoms.

121
Q

Fill in the blank: The ingredients for _______ and diesel fuel are often hydrocarbons.

A

jet fuel

122
Q

True or False: The line structural diagram assumes that each segment represents a different element.

A

False

123
Q

What does each of the five carbon atoms represent in a Line Structural Diagram?

A

A numbered carbon atom.

124
Q

What is a branched alkane?

A

An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it

Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.

125
Q

What contributes to a molecule’s uniqueness in branched alkanes?

A

Each new branch attached to the parent chain

The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.

126
Q

Why do so many organic compounds exist?

A

There are so many possible locations for branches

This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.

127
Q

Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.

A

arranged

128
Q

True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.

A

False

129
Q

What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?

A

A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached

This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.

130
Q

What is a branched alkane?

A

An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it

Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.

131
Q

What contributes to a molecule’s uniqueness in branched alkanes?

A

Each new branch attached to the parent chain

The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.

132
Q

Why do so many organic compounds exist?

A

There are so many possible locations for branches

This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.

133
Q

Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.

A

arranged

134
Q

True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.

A

False

135
Q

What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?

A

A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached

This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.

1. Science 20 (52 decks)

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