A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.1 Carbon Chains Flashcards
What are carbon-based compounds primarily made up of?
Carbon atoms
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds composed of carbon
Why was the study of carbon-based compounds originally called organic chemistry?
Because most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are carbon based
Name three medications that are carbon-based compounds.
- Aspirin
- Tylenol
- Advil
Fill in the blank: Most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are _______.
carbon based
What are some examples of carbon-based compounds found in everyday items?
- Gasoline
- Plastic
- Synthetic materials
- Medications
- Molecules that make up the body
What are the three main macromolecules made of carbon chains?
Fats, proteins, and sugars
Why is carbon considered an important building block of living and non-living things?
Due to its ability to form stable bonds with other atoms
How many electrons can carbon’s second electron energy level hold?
8 electrons
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4 valence electrons
How many bonds does carbon need to form to become stable?
4 bonds
What is the significance of filling the outer electron energy level in an atom?
It makes the atom most stable
Fill in the blank: Carbon has _______ empty spots in its outer electron energy level.
4
True or False: Carbon can bond with only one other atom to become stable.
False
What type of diagram represents the electrons on carbon’s last electron energy level?
Lewis Dot Diagram
What is the role of bonds in achieving stability for carbon?
To fill its outer electron energy level
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
How many atoms of hydrogen are bonded to a carbon atom in methane?
4
What is the bonding characteristic of hydrogen?
Bonds to 1 other atom
How many electrons does hydrogen have in its first energy level?
1
What is required for hydrogen to fill its outer electron energy level?
1 electron
How many bonds does carbon need to form to be stable?
4
What type of diagram represents the bonding of electrons in atoms?
Lewis Dot Diagram
What ability does carbon have due to its bonding characteristics?
To produce a large variety of compounds
What is the chemical formula for propane?
C3H8
Fill in the blank: Each hydrogen is bonded to _______ atom.
1
True or False: Carbon can form many bonds with other atoms.
True
What is the significance of carbon’s ability to form four bonds?
It allows for the formation of complex molecules
In a molecular model of propane, how many carbon atoms are present?
3
In the context of bonding, what does stability refer to?
Having a full outer electron energy level
What is butane used for?
Butane is used as a fuel in barbecue lighters.
Butane is a simple hydrocarbon compound.
What is ethene the starting compound for?
Ethene is the starting compound used to produce polyethylene.
Polyethylene is commonly used to make plastic bags.
What is ethyne the starting compound for?
Ethyne is the starting compound for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
PVC is used to make rain gear.
Define hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
True or False: Ethene is used to produce plastic bags.
True.
Fill in the blank: Ethyne is used to make _______.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
What significant discovery is mentioned in relation to synthetic organic molecules?
Wöhler’s discovery.
List three simple carbon compounds mentioned.
- Butane
- Ethene
- Ethyne
What type of products have scientists focused on since Wöhler’s discovery?
Synthetic organic molecules.
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds.
What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?
Single, double, or triple bonds
These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.
Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?
They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules
Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.
carbon
True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
False
Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.
What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?
Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles
This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.
What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?
They can find their way into lakes and rivers
This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.
simplest
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds.
What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?
Single, double, or triple bonds
These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.
Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?
They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules
Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.
carbon
True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
False
Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.
What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?
Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles
This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.
What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?
They can find their way into lakes and rivers
This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.
simplest
What is propane an example of?
Propane is an example of alkanes
Alkanes are the simplest group of hydrocarbons.
Define alkane.
A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds
Alkanes have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
What is the general chemical formula for alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
In this formula, n represents the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon.
How many other atoms is each carbon in an alkane bonded to?
Four other atoms
This bonding arrangement is due to carbon’s tetravalency.
Fill in the blank: Alkanes have only _______ bonds between carbon atoms.
single
This distinguishes them from other types of hydrocarbons.
True or False: Alkanes can contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
False
Alkanes only have single bonds between carbon atoms.
What are continuous-chain alkanes?
An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms
Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.
What does a chemical formula represent?
The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols
Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.
What does a Lewis dot diagram show?
The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols
Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.
What is a complete structural diagram?
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
What is a condensed structural diagram?
A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen
Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.
Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.
continuous-chain alkanes
True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
False
A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.
List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.
- Chemical formula
- Lewis dot diagram
- Complete structural diagram
- Condensed structural diagram
These representations vary in detail and complexity.
What are continuous-chain alkanes?
An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms
Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.
What does a chemical formula represent?
The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols
Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.
What does a Lewis dot diagram show?
The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols
Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.
What is a complete structural diagram?
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
What is a condensed structural diagram?
A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen
Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.
Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.
continuous-chain alkanes
True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
False
A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.
List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.
- Chemical formula
- Lewis dot diagram
- Complete structural diagram
- Condensed structural diagram
These representations vary in detail and complexity.
What is the primary purpose of naming organic compounds?
To provide a systematic way to name compounds for accurate description of size and structure
Pharmacists and scientists require a standardized naming system for effective communication.
Which organization developed the system for naming organic compounds?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
IUPAC is recognized for establishing a systematic nomenclature for chemistry.
What do prefixes in the naming system indicate?
The number of carbons within a carbon chain
Prefixes are essential for identifying the length of the carbon chain in organic molecules.
What do suffixes in the naming system indicate?
The family the molecule belongs to
Suffixes help categorize organic molecules based on their structural characteristics.
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 4 carbons?
but
The prefix ‘but’ is used for butane, a four-carbon alkane.
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 5 carbons?
pent
Pentane is an example of an alkane with five carbon atoms.
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 6 carbons?
hex
Hexane refers to a six-carbon alkane.
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 7 carbons?
hept
Heptane is the name given to a seven-carbon alkane.
Fill in the blank: A prefix is the first syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the number of _______ in the molecule.
carbon atoms
This definition highlights the role of prefixes in organic nomenclature.
Fill in the blank: A suffix is the second syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the _______ of the organic molecule.
family
Suffixes are crucial for identifying the classification of organic compounds.
True or False: There are fewer than half a million compounds that do not contain carbon.
True
The text states there are under half a million non-carbon compounds, contrasting with over ten million carbon-containing compounds.
True or False: New organic compounds are no longer being added to the list of known compounds.
False
The text indicates that new organic compounds are added daily.
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH₄
Methane is the simplest alkane and is a gaseous fuel.
What is the chemical formula for ethane?
C₂H₆
Ethane is also a gaseous fuel.
What is the chemical formula for propane?
C₃H₈
Propane is used as a gaseous fuel and is a starting compound for plastics.
What is the chemical formula for butane?
C₄H₁₀
Butane is commonly used as a gaseous fuel.
What is the chemical formula for pentane?
C₅H₁₂
Pentane is utilized as a solvent and liquid fuel.
What is the chemical formula for hexane?
C₆H₁₄
Hexane serves as a solvent and liquid fuel.
What is the chemical formula for heptane?
C₇H₁₆
Heptane is used as a solvent and liquid fuel.
What is the chemical formula for octane?
C₈H₁₈
Octane is an important component in gasoline.
What is the chemical formula for nonane?
C₉H₂₀
Nonane is a liquid fuel.
What is the chemical formula for decane?
C₁₀H₂₂
Decane is another liquid fuel.
What are the applications of methane?
Gaseous fuel
Methane is primarily used as a gaseous fuel.
What are the applications of ethane?
Gaseous fuel
Ethane is used as a gaseous fuel.
What are the applications of propane?
Gaseous fuel, starting compound for plastics
Propane is versatile and used in various applications.
What are the applications of butane?
Gaseous fuel
Butane is mainly used as a gaseous fuel.
What are the applications of pentane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
Pentane is effective as a solvent and liquid fuel.
What are the applications of hexane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
Hexane is widely used as a solvent and liquid fuel.
What are the applications of heptane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
Heptane serves as both a solvent and liquid fuel.
What are the applications of octane?
Ingredients in gasoline
Octane is a critical component for gasoline.
What are the applications of nonane?
Liquid fuel
Nonane is utilized as a liquid fuel.
What are the applications of decane?
Liquid fuel
Decane also functions as a liquid fuel.
What is a nonane?
A straight-chain alkane with nine carbon atoms.
What is decane?
A straight-chain alkane with ten carbon atoms.
What does CH₀ represent?
A molecular formula that implies a hydrocarbon structure.
What are Simplified Structural Diagrams?
Shortcuts developed to make drawing and reading molecular structures easier.
What is a Molecular Model?
A three-dimensional representation of a molecule.
What is liquid fuel?
A type of fuel that is in liquid form, such as jet fuel and diesel.
Why are structural diagrams complex?
The structural diagrams of many compounds can become very complex and difficult to draw.
What is a Complete Structural Diagram?
A detailed representation showing all atoms and bonds in a molecule.
What is a Condensed Structural Diagram?
A simplified representation that groups atoms together without showing all bonds.
What is a Line Structural Diagram?
A diagram that uses short lines to show the bonds between carbon atoms.
In a Line Structural Diagram, what do the ends of the segments represent?
Carbon atoms.
Fill in the blank: The ingredients for _______ and diesel fuel are often hydrocarbons.
jet fuel
True or False: The line structural diagram assumes that each segment represents a different element.
False
What does each of the five carbon atoms represent in a Line Structural Diagram?
A numbered carbon atom.
What is a branched alkane?
An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it
Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.
What contributes to a molecule’s uniqueness in branched alkanes?
Each new branch attached to the parent chain
The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.
Why do so many organic compounds exist?
There are so many possible locations for branches
This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.
Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.
arranged
True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.
False
What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?
A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached
This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.
What is a branched alkane?
An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it
Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.
What contributes to a molecule’s uniqueness in branched alkanes?
Each new branch attached to the parent chain
The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.
Why do so many organic compounds exist?
There are so many possible locations for branches
This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.
Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.
arranged
True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.
False
What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?
A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached
This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.
