A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Flashcards
What is required for a carbon atom to be stable?
Each carbon atom needs to have four bonds
How many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon atom in an ethane molecule?
Three hydrogen atoms
What type of hydrocarbon is ethane classified as?
Saturated hydrocarbon
What happens to a two-carbon molecule like ethane when it loses hydrogen atoms?
It can form a double bond or a triple bond
Fill in the blank: A saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of _______.
bonds
True or False: Ethane can exist with fewer hydrogen atoms.
True
What occurs when each carbon in a two-carbon molecule loses one hydrogen atom?
A double bond forms
What forms when each carbon in a two-carbon molecule loses two hydrogen atoms?
A triple bond forms
In the context of hydrocarbons, what does ‘saturated’ mean?
No other atoms can be added to the molecule
What is the total number of bonds for each carbon atom in ethane?
Four bonds
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated hydrocarbons include alkanes.
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated ones.
What occurs during the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond?
Both carbons bond with each other to form a double bond, allowing both carbon atoms to remain stable.
True or False: Hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons.
False
Molecules with double and triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Fill in the blank: Molecules with double and triple bonds are called _______.
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What is the difference in stability between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated hydrocarbons.
What is the general characteristic of the chemical formulas of unsaturated hydrocarbons compared to saturated hydrocarbons?
They have a general chemical formula different from saturated hydrocarbons.
How do double bonds affect the number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are missing their maximum number of bonds to hydrogen atoms.
Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.
A compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
What is the impact of twisting in the structural diagram of hydrocarbons?
It accommodates the double bonds.
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated hydrocarbons include alkanes.
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated ones.
What occurs during the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond?
Both carbons bond with each other to form a double bond, allowing both carbon atoms to remain stable.
True or False: Hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons.
False
Molecules with double and triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Fill in the blank: Molecules with double and triple bonds are called _______.
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What is the difference in stability between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated hydrocarbons.
What is the general characteristic of the chemical formulas of unsaturated hydrocarbons compared to saturated hydrocarbons?
They have a general chemical formula different from saturated hydrocarbons.
How do double bonds affect the number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are missing their maximum number of bonds to hydrogen atoms.
Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.
A compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
What is the impact of twisting in the structural diagram of hydrocarbons?
It accommodates the double bonds.
What are the main components of fats and oils found in foods?
Three connected chains of fatty acids
The properties of a fat or oil are determined by the particular fatty acids in these chains.
What determines the properties of a fat or oil?
The particular fatty acids in the chains
Different fatty acids can lead to different physical and chemical properties in fats and oils.
Define a fatty acid.
An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a CoOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.
What is the structure of a molecule of animal fat?
Contains three fatty acid chains
The structure includes various types of fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated.
What type of fat is butter made from?
Saturated fats
Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids.
What type of fat is corn oil made from?
Unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Fill in the blank: A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbons with a _______ group at one end.
CoOH
True or False: The omega end of a fatty acid is the same as the alpha end.
False
The omega end and alpha end refer to different functional groups in the structure of fatty acids.
What are the main components of fats and oils found in foods?
Three connected chains of fatty acids
The properties of a fat or oil are determined by the particular fatty acids in these chains.
What determines the properties of a fat or oil?
The particular fatty acids in the chains
Different fatty acids can lead to different physical and chemical properties in fats and oils.
Define a fatty acid.
An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a CoOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.
What is the structure of a molecule of animal fat?
Contains three fatty acid chains
The structure includes various types of fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated.
What type of fat is butter made from?
Saturated fats
Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids.
What type of fat is corn oil made from?
Unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Fill in the blank: A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbons with a _______ group at one end.
CoOH
True or False: The omega end of a fatty acid is the same as the alpha end.
False
The omega end and alpha end refer to different functional groups in the structure of fatty acids.
What type of hydrocarbon is stearic acid?
Saturated hydrocarbon
Stearic acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.
What type of hydrocarbon is oleic acid?
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Oleic acid has at least one double bond in its carbon chain.
What structural feature of oleic acid causes it to bend?
The double bond in the carbon chain
The double bond creates a gap that allows bending.
How do oleic acid molecules compare to stearic acid molecules in terms of packing?
Oleic acid molecules pack less closely than stearic acid molecules
The bend in oleic acid prevents tight packing.
What physical state is oleic acid at room temperature?
Liquid
Oleic acid’s weak intermolecular forces allow it to remain liquid.
What physical state is stearic acid at room temperature?
Solid
Stearic acid’s closer packing and stronger forces of attraction make it solid.
What is the omega designation of oleic acid?
Omega-9 fatty acid
The double bond occurs after the ninth carbon from the omega end.
What are the two ends of an omega-9 fatty acid called?
Alpha end and omega end
The alpha end has the COOH group, and the omega end has the methyl group.
Can the body produce omega-9 fatty acids?
Yes
The body can produce small amounts of omega-9 fatty acids.
Name two dietary sources of omega-9 fatty acids.
Olive oil and almonds
Other nuts also contain omega-9 fatty acids.
What type of hydrocarbon is stearic acid?
Saturated hydrocarbon
Stearic acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.
What type of hydrocarbon is oleic acid?
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Oleic acid has at least one double bond in its carbon chain.
What structural feature of oleic acid causes it to bend?
The double bond in the carbon chain
The double bond creates a gap that allows bending.
How do oleic acid molecules compare to stearic acid molecules in terms of packing?
Oleic acid molecules pack less closely than stearic acid molecules
The bend in oleic acid prevents tight packing.
What physical state is oleic acid at room temperature?
Liquid
Oleic acid’s weak intermolecular forces allow it to remain liquid.
What physical state is stearic acid at room temperature?
Solid
Stearic acid’s closer packing and stronger forces of attraction make it solid.
What is the omega designation of oleic acid?
Omega-9 fatty acid
The double bond occurs after the ninth carbon from the omega end.
What are the two ends of an omega-9 fatty acid called?
Alpha end and omega end
The alpha end has the COOH group, and the omega end has the methyl group.
Can the body produce omega-9 fatty acids?
Yes
The body can produce small amounts of omega-9 fatty acids.
Name two dietary sources of omega-9 fatty acids.
Olive oil and almonds
Other nuts also contain omega-9 fatty acids.
What is a monounsaturated fat?
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond
Examples include olive oil and avocados.
What defines a polyunsaturated fat?
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond
Common sources include fish oil and flaxseeds.
What is an essential fatty acid?
A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food
Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
What is a monounsaturated fat?
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond
Examples include olive oil and avocados.
What defines a polyunsaturated fat?
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond
Common sources include fish oil and flaxseeds.
What is an essential fatty acid?
A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food
Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
What are essential fatty acids?
Nutrients required for the formation of healthy cell membranes, brain development, and hormone production
Essential fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Why is fat important in our diet?
Essential for good health and includes nutrients necessary for various body functions
Fats and oils provide essential fatty acids.
List two essential fatty acids.
- Omega-3
- Omega-6
True or False: Most people have trouble getting enough omega-6 fatty acids.
False
Fill in the blank: Sources of omega-3 fatty acids include _______.
flaxseeds, salmon, and sardines
What role do essential fatty acids play in the nervous system?
They are necessary for the proper development of the brain and the nervous system
Essential fatty acids help regulate body functions like blood pressure.
What is a common challenge regarding omega-3 fatty acids?
Getting an adequate supply of omega-3 fatty acids
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond
Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond in their structure.
What is an alkyne?
A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
Alkynes contain a triple bond between carbon atoms.
What suffix is used for naming alkenes?
-ene
This suffix indicates the presence of a double bond in the hydrocarbon.
What suffix is used for naming alkynes?
-yne
This suffix indicates the presence of a triple bond in the hydrocarbon.
How should the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms be numbered when naming alkenes and alkynes?
Number the chain so that the carbons with the double or triple bond receive the lowest possible number
This ensures clarity in indicating the position of the double or triple bond.
True or False: The location of the double or triple bond is communicated by a number placed after the name of the longest continuous carbon chain.
False
The location is communicated by a number placed before the name.
Fill in the blank: A compound that has at least one double bond between two neighbouring atoms in its longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is called an _______.
alkene
Alkenes are part of the unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Fill in the blank: A compound that has at least one triple bond along the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is called an _______.
alkyne
Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons.
What is the parent chain of an alkene molecule?
The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes the double bond
In alkenes, the parent chain must include the double bond to be correctly identified.
Which diagram correctly identifies the parent chain of the alkene molecule:
Diagram B is correct
Diagram B includes the double bond, while Diagram A does not.
True or False: Diagram A is correct in identifying the parent chain of the alkene molecule.
False
Diagram A fails to include the double bond in the longest chain.
Fill in the blank: The longest chain in an alkene must include the _______.
[double bond]
What is the significance of including the double bond in the parent chain of an alkene?
It ensures accurate representation of the molecule’s structure
Omitting the double bond can lead to incorrect naming and classification of the alkene.
What is the correct numbering of carbons in the parent chain for the hydrocarbon?
The correct numbering is shown in Diagram B, where the double bond occurs after carbon number 1
Diagram A incorrectly numbers the double bond as occurring after carbon number 3, which is not the lowest number.
Fill in the blank: For the hydrocarbon CH3-CH-CH=CH2, the correct naming follows the rule of the lowest number for the double bond, which is _____ in this case.
1
This is because the double bond is closest to the first carbon in Diagram B.
What is the significance of numbering carbons in a hydrocarbon?
Numbering carbons helps in correctly identifying the position of functional groups like double bonds
This ensures that the compound is named according to IUPAC rules.
Identify the main difference between Diagram A and Diagram B regarding the hydrocarbon CH3-CH-CH=CH2.
The main difference is the position of the double bond: Diagram A shows it at carbon 3, while Diagram B shows it at carbon 1
The correct position is essential for proper nomenclature.
What is the significance of numbering carbons in a hydrocarbon?
Numbering carbons helps in correctly identifying the position of functional groups like double bonds
This ensures that the compound is named according to IUPAC rules.
What are the three types of hydrocarbons mentioned?
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
What type of carbon chains are found in butter?
Saturated carbon chains
What type of carbon chains are primarily found in margarine?
Unsaturated carbon chains
What is the relationship between butter and alkanes?
Butter has properties more like an alkane
What is the relationship between margarine and alkenes?
Margarine has properties more like an alkene
What are the physical properties of a substance?
State at room temperature, solubility, colour, melting point, boiling point
What do chemical properties of a substance explain?
How stable and reactive the substance is
True or False: Saturated compounds have higher melting points than unsaturated compounds.
True
Fill in the blank: The investigation aims to identify trends and explain why they may exist in the relationship between the properties of hydrocarbons and their _______.
Chemical structure
What is the primary concern when comparing butter and margarine?
Healthier food choice
What type of fats are associated with saturated carbon chains?
Fats in butter
What is a key characteristic of unsaturated carbon chains?
They are primarily found in oils
What are the three types of hydrocarbons mentioned?
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
What type of carbon chains are found in butter?
Saturated carbon chains
What type of carbon chains are primarily found in margarine?
Unsaturated carbon chains
What is the relationship between butter and alkanes?
Butter has properties more like an alkane
What is the relationship between margarine and alkenes?
Margarine has properties more like an alkene
What are the physical properties of a substance?
State at room temperature, solubility, colour, melting point, boiling point
What do chemical properties of a substance explain?
How stable and reactive the substance is
True or False: Saturated compounds have higher melting points than unsaturated compounds.
True
Fill in the blank: The investigation aims to identify trends and explain why they may exist in the relationship between the properties of hydrocarbons and their _______.
Chemical structure
What is the primary concern when comparing butter and margarine?
Healthier food choice
What type of fats are associated with saturated carbon chains?
Fats in butter
What is a key characteristic of unsaturated carbon chains?
They are primarily found in oils
How do the boiling points and melting points of hydrocarbons generally change?
They increase as the number of carbons in the molecule increases.
This trend is due to the increased molecular attraction and mass.
What are the two reasons for the increase in boiling and melting points of hydrocarbons?
- The attraction between molecules increases with the number of atoms
- More energy is required to move larger molecules
The strength of molecular attraction and mass directly affects energy requirements.
What happens to the energy required to break molecular attractions as the number of carbons increases?
More energy is required.
Stronger attractions necessitate additional heat to induce a state change.
What is the state of smaller hydrocarbons like methane and ethane at room temperature?
They exist as gases.
Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) have weaker attractions between molecules.
What is the state of hydrocarbons like pentane and octane at room temperature?
They tend to be liquids.
Pentane (C₅H₁₂) and octane (C₈H₁₈) have more carbons, leading to stronger molecular attractions.
At what number of carbons do waxes typically exist as solids at room temperature?
20 carbons or more.
Waxes have larger molecular structures, contributing to their solid state.
Fill in the blank: The stronger the attractions between hydrocarbons, the _______ the boiling and melting points.
higher
Increased molecular interactions result in elevated thermal properties.
How do the boiling points and melting points of hydrocarbons generally change?
They increase as the number of carbons in the molecule increases.
This trend is due to the increased molecular attraction and mass.
What are the two reasons for the increase in boiling and melting points of hydrocarbons?
- The attraction between molecules increases with the number of atoms
- More energy is required to move larger molecules
The strength of molecular attraction and mass directly affects energy requirements.
What happens to the energy required to break molecular attractions as the number of carbons increases?
More energy is required.
Stronger attractions necessitate additional heat to induce a state change.
What is the state of smaller hydrocarbons like methane and ethane at room temperature?
They exist as gases.
Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) have weaker attractions between molecules.
What is the state of hydrocarbons like pentane and octane at room temperature?
They tend to be liquids.
Pentane (C₅H₁₂) and octane (C₈H₁₈) have more carbons, leading to stronger molecular attractions.
At what number of carbons do waxes typically exist as solids at room temperature?
20 carbons or more.
Waxes have larger molecular structures, contributing to their solid state.
Fill in the blank: The stronger the attractions between hydrocarbons, the _______ the boiling and melting points.
higher
Increased molecular interactions result in elevated thermal properties.
What type of hydrocarbons are generally more reactive?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds, which introduce bond strain.
Why are unsaturated hydrocarbons more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons?
Due to bond strain associated with double or triple bonds
The bond strain results from the increased number of electrons shared between carbon atoms.
What happens to the reactivity of hydrocarbons when double or triple bonds are present?
They become more reactive
The presence of double or triple bonds increases the repulsion forces between electrons.
What is the effect of electron repulsion in hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds?
It increases the stress within the bond
Greater stress within the bond leads to increased reactivity.
What industrial processes utilize the reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Production of plastics and artificial rubbers
Chemical reactions involving unsaturated hydrocarbons are crucial in manufacturing.
Fill in the blank: The larger number of electrons in double or triple bonded hydrocarbons results in a greater force of _______.
Repulsion
True or False: Saturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than unsaturated hydrocarbons.
False
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, making them less reactive.
What is one consequence of breaking double or triple bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Formation of long carbon chains with single bonds
This process is essential in synthesizing various materials.
What is the main reason for producing a spreadable fat from vegetable oil?
Butter tends to be expensive while vegetable oils are less expensive
What problem was faced in the early attempts to manufacture a spreadable fat?
The product was too hard
What process was developed to create margarine from vegetable oil?
Bubbling hydrogen gas through hot vegetable oil under pressure
What happens to carbon double bonds during the hydrogenation process?
They are broken and replaced with two single bonds to hydrogen atoms
What is the process called when hydrogen atoms are added to break double bonds?
Hydrogenation
Define hydrogenation.
A reaction that converts carbon-carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds
Fill in the blank: The reaction that converts carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated compounds is called _______.
hydrogenation
What is the result of the hydrogenation process?
Creation of a softer, spreadable fat
True or False: Margarine is made from animal fat.
False
What is the main reason for producing a spreadable fat from vegetable oil?
Butter tends to be expensive while vegetable oils are less expensive
What problem was faced in the early attempts to manufacture a spreadable fat?
The product was too hard
What process was developed to create margarine from vegetable oil?
Bubbling hydrogen gas through hot vegetable oil under pressure
What happens to carbon double bonds during the hydrogenation process?
They are broken and replaced with two single bonds to hydrogen atoms
What is the process called when hydrogen atoms are added to break double bonds?
Hydrogenation
Define hydrogenation.
A reaction that converts carbon-carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds
Fill in the blank: The reaction that converts carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated compounds is called _______.
hydrogenation
What is the result of the hydrogenation process?
Creation of a softer, spreadable fat
True or False: Margarine is made from animal fat.
False
What happens if the hydrogenation process is complete?
All the double bonds have been broken, resulting in a fat that is so hard it cannot be spread like butter.
What is the result of partial hydrogenation?
It produces a soft, spreadable fat called margarine.
What unintended effect does the high temperatures in partial hydrogenation have?
It affects some of the unsaturated molecules that remain in the vegetable oils.
Fill in the blank: A fatty acid that is a component of plant oils is _______.
oleic acid
What is a trans fatty acid?
A trans fatty acid is produced by the hydrogenation process.
What structural difference exists between oleic acid and elaidic acid?
In oleic acid, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond, while in elaidic acid, they are on opposite sides.
What effect does the position of hydrogen atoms have on the shape of fatty acids?
The position of hydrogen atoms determines whether the molecule can bend or remains straight.
What does the term ‘trans’ mean in the context of fatty acids?
‘Trans’ means ‘across’ in Latin.
How are industrially produced trans fatty acids different from naturally occurring ones?
Industrially produced trans fatty acids are synthetic and differ from those produced naturally by plants and animals.
What is an industrially produced trans fat?
A fat molecule produced by partial hydrogenation.
What family of fatty acids is generated through the industrial hydrogenation process?
A family of trans fatty acids that are completely different from those produced naturally.
Fill in the blank: Trans fatty acids are produced through the _______ process.
hydrogenation
True or False: The hydrogenation process creates trans fatty acids that are identical to those found in nature.
False
What are omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids?
They are types of fatty acids produced naturally by plants and animals.
What happens to the double bond during hydrogenation?
The double bond is altered, leading to the formation of trans fatty acids.
List three carbon atoms that can be affected in the fatty acid chain during hydrogenation.
- 8
- 9
- 10
What are trans fatty acids?
Molecules that differ significantly from natural fatty acids needed for health
Trans fatty acids have been linked to negative health effects.
Why are trans fatty acids a concern for health?
Their molecular structure is different from natural fatty acids, leading to unknown health effects
The different structure may affect how the body processes these fats.
What property do trans fatty acids share with saturated fats?
They have a straight chain of carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature
This similarity could lead to similar health risks.
What is one risk associated with consuming trans fats?
Increased likelihood of clogging arteries
Solid fats at room temperature can lead to arterial blockages.
What dietary components should be avoided to reduce heart disease risk?
Foods rich in saturated fats and trans fats
For example, bacon fat should not be discarded down the drain as it can clog pipes.
What health risks can deposits in arteries lead to?
Heart attacks and strokes
Clogged arteries can severely affect blood flow to the heart and brain.
What role does dietary cholesterol play in health?
Contributes to the buildup of fat deposits in blood vessels
High cholesterol levels can lead to cardiovascular diseases.
Do industrially produced trans fats pose a greater risk than saturated fats?
Yes, studies indicate they pose a higher risk for heart disease
Research from Denmark highlights this increased risk.
Fill in the blank: Industrially produced trans fats contribute to a more _______ risk for heart disease than naturally produced saturated fats.
significant
This emphasizes the dangers of trans fats compared to natural alternatives.
What are trans fatty acids?
Molecules that differ significantly from natural fatty acids needed for health
Trans fatty acids have been linked to negative health effects.
Why are trans fatty acids a concern for health?
Their molecular structure is different from natural fatty acids, leading to unknown health effects
The different structure may affect how the body processes these fats.
What property do trans fatty acids share with saturated fats?
They have a straight chain of carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature
This similarity could lead to similar health risks.
What is one risk associated with consuming trans fats?
Increased likelihood of clogging arteries
Solid fats at room temperature can lead to arterial blockages.
What dietary components should be avoided to reduce heart disease risk?
Foods rich in saturated fats and trans fats
For example, bacon fat should not be discarded down the drain as it can clog pipes.
What health risks can deposits in arteries lead to?
Heart attacks and strokes
Clogged arteries can severely affect blood flow to the heart and brain.
What role does dietary cholesterol play in health?
Contributes to the buildup of fat deposits in blood vessels
High cholesterol levels can lead to cardiovascular diseases.
Do industrially produced trans fats pose a greater risk than saturated fats?
Yes, studies indicate they pose a higher risk for heart disease
Research from Denmark highlights this increased risk.
Fill in the blank: Industrially produced trans fats contribute to a more _______ risk for heart disease than naturally produced saturated fats.
significant
This emphasizes the dangers of trans fats compared to natural alternatives.
