Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Science 20 > A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

What is required for a carbon atom to be stable?

A

Each carbon atom needs to have four bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon atom in an ethane molecule?

A

Three hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is ethane classified as?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to a two-carbon molecule like ethane when it loses hydrogen atoms?

A

It can form a double bond or a triple bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fill in the blank: A saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of _______.

A

bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False: Ethane can exist with fewer hydrogen atoms.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs when each carbon in a two-carbon molecule loses one hydrogen atom?

A

A double bond forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What forms when each carbon in a two-carbon molecule loses two hydrogen atoms?

A

A triple bond forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the context of hydrocarbons, what does ‘saturated’ mean?

A

No other atoms can be added to the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the total number of bonds for each carbon atom in ethane?

A

Four bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Saturated hydrocarbons include alkanes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs during the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond?

A

Both carbons bond with each other to form a double bond, allowing both carbon atoms to remain stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: Hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons.

A

False

Molecules with double and triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the blank: Molecules with double and triple bonds are called _______.

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference in stability between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the general characteristic of the chemical formulas of unsaturated hydrocarbons compared to saturated hydrocarbons?

A

They have a general chemical formula different from saturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do double bonds affect the number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are missing their maximum number of bonds to hydrogen atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

A

A compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the impact of twisting in the structural diagram of hydrocarbons?

A

It accommodates the double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Saturated hydrocarbons include alkanes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What occurs during the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond?

A

Both carbons bond with each other to form a double bond, allowing both carbon atoms to remain stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or False: Hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons.

A

False

Molecules with double and triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fill in the blank: Molecules with double and triple bonds are called _______.

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the difference in stability between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are less stable than saturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the general characteristic of the chemical formulas of unsaturated hydrocarbons compared to saturated hydrocarbons?

A

They have a general chemical formula different from saturated hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do double bonds affect the number of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are missing their maximum number of bonds to hydrogen atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

A

A compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the impact of twisting in the structural diagram of hydrocarbons?

A

It accommodates the double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the main components of fats and oils found in foods?

A

Three connected chains of fatty acids

The properties of a fat or oil are determined by the particular fatty acids in these chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What determines the properties of a fat or oil?

A

The particular fatty acids in the chains

Different fatty acids can lead to different physical and chemical properties in fats and oils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define a fatty acid.

A

An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a CoOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the structure of a molecule of animal fat?

A

Contains three fatty acid chains

The structure includes various types of fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of fat is butter made from?

A

Saturated fats

Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of fat is corn oil made from?

A

Unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fill in the blank: A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbons with a _______ group at one end.

A

CoOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False: The omega end of a fatty acid is the same as the alpha end.

A

False

The omega end and alpha end refer to different functional groups in the structure of fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the main components of fats and oils found in foods?

A

Three connected chains of fatty acids

The properties of a fat or oil are determined by the particular fatty acids in these chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What determines the properties of a fat or oil?

A

The particular fatty acids in the chains

Different fatty acids can lead to different physical and chemical properties in fats and oils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define a fatty acid.

A

An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a CoOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the structure of a molecule of animal fat?

A

Contains three fatty acid chains

The structure includes various types of fatty acids that can be saturated or unsaturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of fat is butter made from?

A

Saturated fats

Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of fat is corn oil made from?

A

Unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fill in the blank: A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbons with a _______ group at one end.

A

CoOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

True or False: The omega end of a fatty acid is the same as the alpha end.

A

False

The omega end and alpha end refer to different functional groups in the structure of fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is stearic acid?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

Stearic acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is oleic acid?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Oleic acid has at least one double bond in its carbon chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What structural feature of oleic acid causes it to bend?

A

The double bond in the carbon chain

The double bond creates a gap that allows bending.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How do oleic acid molecules compare to stearic acid molecules in terms of packing?

A

Oleic acid molecules pack less closely than stearic acid molecules

The bend in oleic acid prevents tight packing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What physical state is oleic acid at room temperature?

A

Liquid

Oleic acid’s weak intermolecular forces allow it to remain liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What physical state is stearic acid at room temperature?

A

Solid

Stearic acid’s closer packing and stronger forces of attraction make it solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the omega designation of oleic acid?

A

Omega-9 fatty acid

The double bond occurs after the ninth carbon from the omega end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the two ends of an omega-9 fatty acid called?

A

Alpha end and omega end

The alpha end has the COOH group, and the omega end has the methyl group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Can the body produce omega-9 fatty acids?

A

Yes

The body can produce small amounts of omega-9 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Name two dietary sources of omega-9 fatty acids.

A

Olive oil and almonds

Other nuts also contain omega-9 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is stearic acid?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

Stearic acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is oleic acid?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Oleic acid has at least one double bond in its carbon chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What structural feature of oleic acid causes it to bend?

A

The double bond in the carbon chain

The double bond creates a gap that allows bending.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do oleic acid molecules compare to stearic acid molecules in terms of packing?

A

Oleic acid molecules pack less closely than stearic acid molecules

The bend in oleic acid prevents tight packing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What physical state is oleic acid at room temperature?

A

Liquid

Oleic acid’s weak intermolecular forces allow it to remain liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What physical state is stearic acid at room temperature?

A

Solid

Stearic acid’s closer packing and stronger forces of attraction make it solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the omega designation of oleic acid?

A

Omega-9 fatty acid

The double bond occurs after the ninth carbon from the omega end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the two ends of an omega-9 fatty acid called?

A

Alpha end and omega end

The alpha end has the COOH group, and the omega end has the methyl group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Can the body produce omega-9 fatty acids?

A

Yes

The body can produce small amounts of omega-9 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Name two dietary sources of omega-9 fatty acids.

A

Olive oil and almonds

Other nuts also contain omega-9 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat?

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond

Examples include olive oil and avocados.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What defines a polyunsaturated fat?

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond

Common sources include fish oil and flaxseeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food

Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat?

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond

Examples include olive oil and avocados.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What defines a polyunsaturated fat?

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond

Common sources include fish oil and flaxseeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food

Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Nutrients required for the formation of healthy cell membranes, brain development, and hormone production

Essential fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Why is fat important in our diet?

A

Essential for good health and includes nutrients necessary for various body functions

Fats and oils provide essential fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

List two essential fatty acids.

A
  • Omega-3
  • Omega-6
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

True or False: Most people have trouble getting enough omega-6 fatty acids.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Fill in the blank: Sources of omega-3 fatty acids include _______.

A

flaxseeds, salmon, and sardines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What role do essential fatty acids play in the nervous system?

A

They are necessary for the proper development of the brain and the nervous system

Essential fatty acids help regulate body functions like blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is a common challenge regarding omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Getting an adequate supply of omega-3 fatty acids

80
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond in their structure.

81
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

Alkynes contain a triple bond between carbon atoms.

82
Q

What suffix is used for naming alkenes?

A

-ene

This suffix indicates the presence of a double bond in the hydrocarbon.

83
Q

What suffix is used for naming alkynes?

A

-yne

This suffix indicates the presence of a triple bond in the hydrocarbon.

84
Q

How should the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms be numbered when naming alkenes and alkynes?

A

Number the chain so that the carbons with the double or triple bond receive the lowest possible number

This ensures clarity in indicating the position of the double or triple bond.

85
Q

True or False: The location of the double or triple bond is communicated by a number placed after the name of the longest continuous carbon chain.

A

False

The location is communicated by a number placed before the name.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: A compound that has at least one double bond between two neighbouring atoms in its longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is called an _______.

A

alkene

Alkenes are part of the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

87
Q

Fill in the blank: A compound that has at least one triple bond along the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is called an _______.

A

alkyne

Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons.

88
Q

What is the parent chain of an alkene molecule?

A

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes the double bond

In alkenes, the parent chain must include the double bond to be correctly identified.

89
Q

Which diagram correctly identifies the parent chain of the alkene molecule:

A

Diagram B is correct

Diagram B includes the double bond, while Diagram A does not.

90
Q

True or False: Diagram A is correct in identifying the parent chain of the alkene molecule.

A

False

Diagram A fails to include the double bond in the longest chain.

91
Q

Fill in the blank: The longest chain in an alkene must include the _______.

A

[double bond]

92
Q

What is the significance of including the double bond in the parent chain of an alkene?

A

It ensures accurate representation of the molecule’s structure

Omitting the double bond can lead to incorrect naming and classification of the alkene.

93
Q

What is the correct numbering of carbons in the parent chain for the hydrocarbon?

A

The correct numbering is shown in Diagram B, where the double bond occurs after carbon number 1

Diagram A incorrectly numbers the double bond as occurring after carbon number 3, which is not the lowest number.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: For the hydrocarbon CH3-CH-CH=CH2, the correct naming follows the rule of the lowest number for the double bond, which is _____ in this case.

A

1

This is because the double bond is closest to the first carbon in Diagram B.

95
Q

What is the significance of numbering carbons in a hydrocarbon?

A

Numbering carbons helps in correctly identifying the position of functional groups like double bonds

This ensures that the compound is named according to IUPAC rules.

96
Q

Identify the main difference between Diagram A and Diagram B regarding the hydrocarbon CH3-CH-CH=CH2.

A

The main difference is the position of the double bond: Diagram A shows it at carbon 3, while Diagram B shows it at carbon 1

The correct position is essential for proper nomenclature.

97
Q

What is the significance of numbering carbons in a hydrocarbon?

A

Numbering carbons helps in correctly identifying the position of functional groups like double bonds

This ensures that the compound is named according to IUPAC rules.

98
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbons mentioned?

A

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

99
Q

What type of carbon chains are found in butter?

A

Saturated carbon chains

100
Q

What type of carbon chains are primarily found in margarine?

A

Unsaturated carbon chains

101
Q

What is the relationship between butter and alkanes?

A

Butter has properties more like an alkane

102
Q

What is the relationship between margarine and alkenes?

A

Margarine has properties more like an alkene

103
Q

What are the physical properties of a substance?

A

State at room temperature, solubility, colour, melting point, boiling point

104
Q

What do chemical properties of a substance explain?

A

How stable and reactive the substance is

105
Q

True or False: Saturated compounds have higher melting points than unsaturated compounds.

A

True

106
Q

Fill in the blank: The investigation aims to identify trends and explain why they may exist in the relationship between the properties of hydrocarbons and their _______.

A

Chemical structure

107
Q

What is the primary concern when comparing butter and margarine?

A

Healthier food choice

108
Q

What type of fats are associated with saturated carbon chains?

A

Fats in butter

109
Q

What is a key characteristic of unsaturated carbon chains?

A

They are primarily found in oils

110
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbons mentioned?

A

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

111
Q

What type of carbon chains are found in butter?

A

Saturated carbon chains

112
Q

What type of carbon chains are primarily found in margarine?

A

Unsaturated carbon chains

113
Q

What is the relationship between butter and alkanes?

A

Butter has properties more like an alkane

114
Q

What is the relationship between margarine and alkenes?

A

Margarine has properties more like an alkene

115
Q

What are the physical properties of a substance?

A

State at room temperature, solubility, colour, melting point, boiling point

116
Q

What do chemical properties of a substance explain?

A

How stable and reactive the substance is

117
Q

True or False: Saturated compounds have higher melting points than unsaturated compounds.

A

True

118
Q

Fill in the blank: The investigation aims to identify trends and explain why they may exist in the relationship between the properties of hydrocarbons and their _______.

A

Chemical structure

119
Q

What is the primary concern when comparing butter and margarine?

A

Healthier food choice

120
Q

What type of fats are associated with saturated carbon chains?

A

Fats in butter

121
Q

What is a key characteristic of unsaturated carbon chains?

A

They are primarily found in oils

122
Q

How do the boiling points and melting points of hydrocarbons generally change?

A

They increase as the number of carbons in the molecule increases.

This trend is due to the increased molecular attraction and mass.

123
Q

What are the two reasons for the increase in boiling and melting points of hydrocarbons?

A
  • The attraction between molecules increases with the number of atoms
  • More energy is required to move larger molecules

The strength of molecular attraction and mass directly affects energy requirements.

124
Q

What happens to the energy required to break molecular attractions as the number of carbons increases?

A

More energy is required.

Stronger attractions necessitate additional heat to induce a state change.

125
Q

What is the state of smaller hydrocarbons like methane and ethane at room temperature?

A

They exist as gases.

Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) have weaker attractions between molecules.

126
Q

What is the state of hydrocarbons like pentane and octane at room temperature?

A

They tend to be liquids.

Pentane (C₅H₁₂) and octane (C₈H₁₈) have more carbons, leading to stronger molecular attractions.

127
Q

At what number of carbons do waxes typically exist as solids at room temperature?

A

20 carbons or more.

Waxes have larger molecular structures, contributing to their solid state.

128
Q

Fill in the blank: The stronger the attractions between hydrocarbons, the _______ the boiling and melting points.

A

higher

Increased molecular interactions result in elevated thermal properties.

129
Q

How do the boiling points and melting points of hydrocarbons generally change?

A

They increase as the number of carbons in the molecule increases.

This trend is due to the increased molecular attraction and mass.

130
Q

What are the two reasons for the increase in boiling and melting points of hydrocarbons?

A
  • The attraction between molecules increases with the number of atoms
  • More energy is required to move larger molecules

The strength of molecular attraction and mass directly affects energy requirements.

131
Q

What happens to the energy required to break molecular attractions as the number of carbons increases?

A

More energy is required.

Stronger attractions necessitate additional heat to induce a state change.

132
Q

What is the state of smaller hydrocarbons like methane and ethane at room temperature?

A

They exist as gases.

Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) have weaker attractions between molecules.

133
Q

What is the state of hydrocarbons like pentane and octane at room temperature?

A

They tend to be liquids.

Pentane (C₅H₁₂) and octane (C₈H₁₈) have more carbons, leading to stronger molecular attractions.

134
Q

At what number of carbons do waxes typically exist as solids at room temperature?

A

20 carbons or more.

Waxes have larger molecular structures, contributing to their solid state.

135
Q

Fill in the blank: The stronger the attractions between hydrocarbons, the _______ the boiling and melting points.

A

higher

Increased molecular interactions result in elevated thermal properties.

136
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are generally more reactive?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds, which introduce bond strain.

137
Q

Why are unsaturated hydrocarbons more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Due to bond strain associated with double or triple bonds

The bond strain results from the increased number of electrons shared between carbon atoms.

138
Q

What happens to the reactivity of hydrocarbons when double or triple bonds are present?

A

They become more reactive

The presence of double or triple bonds increases the repulsion forces between electrons.

139
Q

What is the effect of electron repulsion in hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds?

A

It increases the stress within the bond

Greater stress within the bond leads to increased reactivity.

140
Q

What industrial processes utilize the reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Production of plastics and artificial rubbers

Chemical reactions involving unsaturated hydrocarbons are crucial in manufacturing.

141
Q

Fill in the blank: The larger number of electrons in double or triple bonded hydrocarbons results in a greater force of _______.

A

Repulsion

142
Q

True or False: Saturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A

False

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, making them less reactive.

143
Q

What is one consequence of breaking double or triple bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Formation of long carbon chains with single bonds

This process is essential in synthesizing various materials.

144
Q

What is the main reason for producing a spreadable fat from vegetable oil?

A

Butter tends to be expensive while vegetable oils are less expensive

145
Q

What problem was faced in the early attempts to manufacture a spreadable fat?

A

The product was too hard

146
Q

What process was developed to create margarine from vegetable oil?

A

Bubbling hydrogen gas through hot vegetable oil under pressure

147
Q

What happens to carbon double bonds during the hydrogenation process?

A

They are broken and replaced with two single bonds to hydrogen atoms

148
Q

What is the process called when hydrogen atoms are added to break double bonds?

A

Hydrogenation

149
Q

Define hydrogenation.

A

A reaction that converts carbon-carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds

150
Q

Fill in the blank: The reaction that converts carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated compounds is called _______.

A

hydrogenation

151
Q

What is the result of the hydrogenation process?

A

Creation of a softer, spreadable fat

152
Q

True or False: Margarine is made from animal fat.

A

False

153
Q

What is the main reason for producing a spreadable fat from vegetable oil?

A

Butter tends to be expensive while vegetable oils are less expensive

154
Q

What problem was faced in the early attempts to manufacture a spreadable fat?

A

The product was too hard

155
Q

What process was developed to create margarine from vegetable oil?

A

Bubbling hydrogen gas through hot vegetable oil under pressure

156
Q

What happens to carbon double bonds during the hydrogenation process?

A

They are broken and replaced with two single bonds to hydrogen atoms

157
Q

What is the process called when hydrogen atoms are added to break double bonds?

A

Hydrogenation

158
Q

Define hydrogenation.

A

A reaction that converts carbon-carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds

159
Q

Fill in the blank: The reaction that converts carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated compounds is called _______.

A

hydrogenation

160
Q

What is the result of the hydrogenation process?

A

Creation of a softer, spreadable fat

161
Q

True or False: Margarine is made from animal fat.

A

False

162
Q

What happens if the hydrogenation process is complete?

A

All the double bonds have been broken, resulting in a fat that is so hard it cannot be spread like butter.

163
Q

What is the result of partial hydrogenation?

A

It produces a soft, spreadable fat called margarine.

164
Q

What unintended effect does the high temperatures in partial hydrogenation have?

A

It affects some of the unsaturated molecules that remain in the vegetable oils.

165
Q

Fill in the blank: A fatty acid that is a component of plant oils is _______.

A

oleic acid

166
Q

What is a trans fatty acid?

A

A trans fatty acid is produced by the hydrogenation process.

167
Q

What structural difference exists between oleic acid and elaidic acid?

A

In oleic acid, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond, while in elaidic acid, they are on opposite sides.

168
Q

What effect does the position of hydrogen atoms have on the shape of fatty acids?

A

The position of hydrogen atoms determines whether the molecule can bend or remains straight.

169
Q

What does the term ‘trans’ mean in the context of fatty acids?

A

‘Trans’ means ‘across’ in Latin.

170
Q

How are industrially produced trans fatty acids different from naturally occurring ones?

A

Industrially produced trans fatty acids are synthetic and differ from those produced naturally by plants and animals.

171
Q

What is an industrially produced trans fat?

A

A fat molecule produced by partial hydrogenation.

172
Q

What family of fatty acids is generated through the industrial hydrogenation process?

A

A family of trans fatty acids that are completely different from those produced naturally.

173
Q

Fill in the blank: Trans fatty acids are produced through the _______ process.

A

hydrogenation

174
Q

True or False: The hydrogenation process creates trans fatty acids that are identical to those found in nature.

A

False

175
Q

What are omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids?

A

They are types of fatty acids produced naturally by plants and animals.

176
Q

What happens to the double bond during hydrogenation?

A

The double bond is altered, leading to the formation of trans fatty acids.

177
Q

List three carbon atoms that can be affected in the fatty acid chain during hydrogenation.

A
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
178
Q

What are trans fatty acids?

A

Molecules that differ significantly from natural fatty acids needed for health

Trans fatty acids have been linked to negative health effects.

179
Q

Why are trans fatty acids a concern for health?

A

Their molecular structure is different from natural fatty acids, leading to unknown health effects

The different structure may affect how the body processes these fats.

180
Q

What property do trans fatty acids share with saturated fats?

A

They have a straight chain of carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature

This similarity could lead to similar health risks.

181
Q

What is one risk associated with consuming trans fats?

A

Increased likelihood of clogging arteries

Solid fats at room temperature can lead to arterial blockages.

182
Q

What dietary components should be avoided to reduce heart disease risk?

A

Foods rich in saturated fats and trans fats

For example, bacon fat should not be discarded down the drain as it can clog pipes.

183
Q

What health risks can deposits in arteries lead to?

A

Heart attacks and strokes

Clogged arteries can severely affect blood flow to the heart and brain.

184
Q

What role does dietary cholesterol play in health?

A

Contributes to the buildup of fat deposits in blood vessels

High cholesterol levels can lead to cardiovascular diseases.

185
Q

Do industrially produced trans fats pose a greater risk than saturated fats?

A

Yes, studies indicate they pose a higher risk for heart disease

Research from Denmark highlights this increased risk.

186
Q

Fill in the blank: Industrially produced trans fats contribute to a more _______ risk for heart disease than naturally produced saturated fats.

A

significant

This emphasizes the dangers of trans fats compared to natural alternatives.

187
Q

What are trans fatty acids?

A

Molecules that differ significantly from natural fatty acids needed for health

Trans fatty acids have been linked to negative health effects.

188
Q

Why are trans fatty acids a concern for health?

A

Their molecular structure is different from natural fatty acids, leading to unknown health effects

The different structure may affect how the body processes these fats.

189
Q

What property do trans fatty acids share with saturated fats?

A

They have a straight chain of carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature

This similarity could lead to similar health risks.

190
Q

What is one risk associated with consuming trans fats?

A

Increased likelihood of clogging arteries

Solid fats at room temperature can lead to arterial blockages.

191
Q

What dietary components should be avoided to reduce heart disease risk?

A

Foods rich in saturated fats and trans fats

For example, bacon fat should not be discarded down the drain as it can clog pipes.

192
Q

What health risks can deposits in arteries lead to?

A

Heart attacks and strokes

Clogged arteries can severely affect blood flow to the heart and brain.

193
Q

What role does dietary cholesterol play in health?

A

Contributes to the buildup of fat deposits in blood vessels

High cholesterol levels can lead to cardiovascular diseases.

194
Q

Do industrially produced trans fats pose a greater risk than saturated fats?

A

Yes, studies indicate they pose a higher risk for heart disease

Research from Denmark highlights this increased risk.

195
Q

Fill in the blank: Industrially produced trans fats contribute to a more _______ risk for heart disease than naturally produced saturated fats.

A

significant

This emphasizes the dangers of trans fats compared to natural alternatives.

1. Science 20 (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions