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1. Science 20 > A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 2.2 The Gain and Loss of Electrons > Flashcards

A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 2.2 The Gain and Loss of Electrons Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of copper can be found in ore today?

A

Less than 2%

This refers to the copper extracted from rock in modern mining operations.

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2
Q

What is the first product obtained from the first set of furnaces during copper extraction?

A

Copper(I) sulfide

This is the initial form of copper after processing rock.

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3
Q

What is blister copper?

A

97% to 99% pure copper

The name comes from the appearance of its surface due to escaping sulfur dioxide gas.

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4
Q

What happens to copper(I) sulfide when air is blown over it?

A

Sulfur is removed

This treatment converts copper(I) sulfide into blister copper.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: Ore is a rock that contains a useful metal in a _______ concentration that makes it economical to mine.

A

sufficient

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6
Q

What is the process required to separate copper from unwanted minerals?

A

Mining, crushing, and heating in furnaces

This process is essential for copper extraction from ore.

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7
Q

True or False: Blister copper is created during the cooling process of molten copper(I) sulfide.

A

True

The blistering occurs due to the release of sulfur dioxide gas.

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8
Q

What contaminants are often found in copper ore?

A

Iron and other minerals

These contaminants necessitate extensive processing to extract copper.

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9
Q

What is blister copper?

A

Blister copper is 97% to 99% pure copper that appears blistered due to escaping sulfur dioxide gas while solidifying.

Blister copper is an intermediate product in the extraction of copper from its ores.

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10
Q

What is the purity range of blister copper?

A

97% to 99% pure.

This high level of purity makes blister copper suitable for further refining.

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11
Q

What happens during the production of blister copper?

A

Air is blown over molten copper sulfide.

This process aids in the oxidation of the copper sulfide.

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12
Q

Write Reaction 1 that occurs in the production of blister copper.

A

2 Cu₂S(s) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 Cu₂O(l) + 2 SO₂(g)

This reaction illustrates the transformation of copper sulfide to copper oxide and sulfur dioxide.

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13
Q

Write Reaction 2 that occurs in the production of blister copper.

A

2 Cu₂O(d) + Cu₂S(s) → 6 Cu(l) + SO₂(g)

This reaction shows the reduction of copper oxide to produce molten copper.

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14
Q

What is blister copper?

A

Blister copper is 97% to 99% pure copper that appears blistered due to escaping sulfur dioxide gas while solidifying.

Blister copper is an intermediate product in the extraction of copper from its ores.

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15
Q

What is the purity range of blister copper?

A

97% to 99% pure.

This high level of purity makes blister copper suitable for further refining.

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16
Q

What happens during the production of blister copper?

A

Air is blown over molten copper sulfide.

This process aids in the oxidation of the copper sulfide.

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17
Q

Write Reaction 1 that occurs in the production of blister copper.

A

2 Cu₂S(s) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 Cu₂O(l) + 2 SO₂(g)

This reaction illustrates the transformation of copper sulfide to copper oxide and sulfur dioxide.

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18
Q

Write Reaction 2 that occurs in the production of blister copper.

A

2 Cu₂O(d) + Cu₂S(s) → 6 Cu(l) + SO₂(g)

This reaction shows the reduction of copper oxide to produce molten copper.

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19
Q

Where are most metals typically found?

A

In rock formations as ores

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20
Q

What are the metal atoms in an ore commonly bonded to?

A

Non-metal atoms, often oxygen or sulfur

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21
Q

What charge do metal ions in compounds have?

A

Positive charges

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Metal ions in compounds have _______ electrons.

A

lost

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23
Q

True or False: Most metals are found in a pure form in nature.

A

False

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24
Q

What type of compounds do metal atoms in ores typically form?

A

Ionic compounds

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25
Q

Why are metals usually found locked up in ionic compounds in ore deposits?

A

Metals are more stable when their outer energy levels resemble those of noble gases, which is achieved by combining with non-metals.

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26
Q

What is the most stable arrangement for metals?

A

To have their outer energy levels resemble those of noble gases.

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27
Q

What happens during the combination of silver and sulfur atoms?

A

There is a transfer of electrons from the metal (silver) to the non-metal (sulfur).

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28
Q

What are some conditions under which silver can combine with sulfur?

A

Extreme conditions like inside a volcano or ordinary conditions like a silver spoon on a kitchen counter.

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29
Q

How is a metal structured in terms of charge and electrons?

A

A metal is made up of positively charged particles within a ‘sea’ of free-floating electrons.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of a metal combining with a non-metal involves a transfer of _______.

A

[electrons]

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31
Q

True or False: Pure metal outcrops are common.

A

False

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32
Q

What is the chemical symbol for silver?

A

Ag

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33
Q

What happens to free-floating electrons in metal atoms?

A

They can be lost to other atoms, turning the metal atoms into positively charged ions.

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34
Q

What is the result of losing electrons from metal atoms?

A

Formation of positively charged ions.

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35
Q

What is the reaction that describes the loss of an electron from silver?

A

2x Ag(s) → Ag’ (ag) + 1e

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36
Q

What attracts positive metal ions in ionic crystal formation?

A

Negative ions that have received the electron.

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37
Q

What forms the crystal structure that appears as black tarnish on silver?

A

An ionic compound formed by the attraction of positive and negative ions.

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of forming an ionic crystal involves the attraction of _______ ions to _______ ions.

A

positive, negative

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39
Q

True or False: Silver tarnish is a result of the formation of ionic compounds.

A

True

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40
Q

What is the visual appearance of tarnish on silver surfaces?

A

Black tarnish

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41
Q

What is oxidation?

A

A chemical process involving the loss of electrons.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: Oxidation involves the loss of _______.

A

electrons

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43
Q

True or False: Oxidation can only occur in isolated systems.

A

False

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44
Q

What is the significance of oxidation in chemical reactions?

A

Oxidation is crucial for energy production and metabolic processes.

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45
Q

List two examples of oxidation processes.

A
  • Combustion
  • Respiration
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46
Q

Fill in the blank: Oxidation often occurs simultaneously with _______.

A

reduction

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47
Q

Define reduction in the context of oxidation-reduction reactions.

A

A chemical process involving the gain of electrons.

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48
Q

What is the relationship between oxidation and reduction?

A

They are complementary processes; oxidation involves electron loss, while reduction involves electron gain.

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49
Q

What happens to neutral atoms during oxidation reactions?

A

Neutral atoms lose electrons and become positively charged ions.

This is a fundamental concept in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

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50
Q

In oxidation reactions, what do negatively charged ions do?

A

Negatively charged ions lose electrons to become neutral atoms.

This process is part of the electron transfer in redox reactions.

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51
Q

What occurs when positively charged ions undergo oxidation?

A

Positively charged ions lose electrons to become even more positively charged.

This is significant in understanding how oxidation states change.

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52
Q

Fill in the blank: Neutral atoms lose _______ and become positively charged ions.

A

electrons

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53
Q

Fill in the blank: Negatively charged ions lose electrons to become _______.

A

neutral atoms

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54
Q

True or False: Positively charged ions gain electrons during oxidation.

A

False

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55
Q

What is the essential task in processing ore to produce copper?

A

To reverse the oxidation reaction that has locked the copper metal into compounds like copper sulfide.

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56
Q

How much pure copper can be produced from 1000 kg of ore?

A

Less than 20 kg.

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57
Q

What is the typical yield of pure silver from 1000 kg of ore?

A

About 0.1 kg.

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58
Q

What is the process of giving back electrons to metal ions called?

A

Reduction.

59
Q

What happens to metallic ions during the refining process?

A

They are given back the electrons they lost.

60
Q

What is the outcome of the reduction process in purifying metals?

A

The metal is no longer part of the ionic compound.

61
Q

What occurs when atoms gain electrons?

A

They undergo a process called reduction.

62
Q

True or False: Reduction involves a loss of electrons.

A

False.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: Reduction is a chemical process involving a _______.

A

gain of electrons.

64
Q

From where does the term ‘reduction’ originate?

A

The metal-refining industry.

65
Q

Why is the term reduction expanded to include any reaction with electron gain?

A

Historically, it refers to reducing large amounts of ore to smaller amounts of pure metal.

66
Q

What is the essential task in processing ore to produce copper?

A

To reverse the oxidation reaction that has locked the copper metal into compounds like copper sulfide.

67
Q

How much pure copper can be produced from 1000 kg of ore?

A

Less than 20 kg.

68
Q

What is the typical yield of pure silver from 1000 kg of ore?

A

About 0.1 kg.

69
Q

What is the process of giving back electrons to metal ions called?

A

Reduction.

70
Q

What happens to metallic ions during the refining process?

A

They are given back the electrons they lost.

71
Q

What is the outcome of the reduction process in purifying metals?

A

The metal is no longer part of the ionic compound.

72
Q

What occurs when atoms gain electrons?

A

They undergo a process called reduction.

73
Q

True or False: Reduction involves a loss of electrons.

A

False.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: Reduction is a chemical process involving a _______.

A

gain of electrons.

75
Q

From where does the term ‘reduction’ originate?

A

The metal-refining industry.

76
Q

Why is the term reduction expanded to include any reaction with electron gain?

A

Historically, it refers to reducing large amounts of ore to smaller amounts of pure metal.

77
Q

What is an example of a reduction reaction?

A

Neutral atoms gain electrons to become ions

This occurs in processes where positive ions gain electrons to become neutral atoms.

78
Q

What happens to positively charged ions during reduction?

A

They gain electrons to become neutral atoms

This process decreases their positive charge.

79
Q

What does the mnemonic OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain

This helps remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction.

80
Q

What is oxidation defined as?

A

The loss of electrons

This is a key concept in redox reactions.

81
Q

What is reduction defined as?

A

The gain of electrons

Understanding this is essential in identifying redox reactions.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: In a reduction reaction, neutral atoms gain _______ to become ions.

A

electrons

This describes the process of reduction in chemical reactions.

83
Q

What occurs when negatively charged ions interact with neutral atoms?

A

They indicate a reduction process

This highlights the relationship between charges in redox reactions.

84
Q

What happens to neutral atoms in the presence of positive ions during reduction?

A

They gain electrons to become negatively charged

This illustrates the electron transfer in reduction.

85
Q

True or False: Reduction always involves the loss of electrons.

A

False

Reduction is characterized by the gain of electrons.

86
Q

What is the balanced chemical reaction for the reaction between silver nitrate and solid zinc?

A

2AgNO₃(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2Ag(s)

This equation shows the reactants and products of the reaction, indicating that zinc displaces silver from silver nitrate.

87
Q

What happens to silver before and after the reaction?

A

Before reaction: Ag⁺(aq)
After reaction: Ag(s)

Silver starts as a cation in solution and is reduced to solid silver.

88
Q

What type of reaction occurs for silver in this chemical process?

A

Reduction

Silver ions gain electrons to become solid silver.

89
Q

What happens to zinc before and after the reaction?

A

Before reaction: Zn(s)
After reaction: Zn²⁺(aq)

Zinc starts as a solid and is oxidized to a cation in solution.

90
Q

What type of reaction occurs for zinc in this chemical process?

A

Oxidation

Zinc loses electrons to become zinc ions.

91
Q

Write the half-reaction for silver during the reaction.

A

2Ag⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → 2Ag(s)

This half-reaction shows the reduction of silver ions to solid silver.

92
Q

Write the half-reaction for zinc during the reaction.

A

Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻

This half-reaction demonstrates the oxidation of solid zinc to zinc ions.

93
Q

True or False: In the reaction between silver nitrate and zinc, zinc is reduced.

A

False

Zinc is oxidized, not reduced.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The nitrate ion remains _______ during the reaction.

A

unchanged

The nitrate ion does not participate in the redox process.

95
Q

What is the balanced chemical reaction for the reaction between silver nitrate and solid zinc?

A

2AgNO₃(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2Ag(s)

This equation shows the reactants and products of the reaction, indicating that zinc displaces silver from silver nitrate.

96
Q

What happens to silver before and after the reaction?

A

Before reaction: Ag⁺(aq)
After reaction: Ag(s)

Silver starts as a cation in solution and is reduced to solid silver.

97
Q

What type of reaction occurs for silver in this chemical process?

A

Reduction

Silver ions gain electrons to become solid silver.

98
Q

What happens to zinc before and after the reaction?

A

Before reaction: Zn(s)
After reaction: Zn²⁺(aq)

Zinc starts as a solid and is oxidized to a cation in solution.

99
Q

What type of reaction occurs for zinc in this chemical process?

A

Oxidation

Zinc loses electrons to become zinc ions.

100
Q

Write the half-reaction for silver during the reaction.

A

2Ag⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → 2Ag(s)

This half-reaction shows the reduction of silver ions to solid silver.

101
Q

Write the half-reaction for zinc during the reaction.

A

Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻

This half-reaction demonstrates the oxidation of solid zinc to zinc ions.

102
Q

True or False: In the reaction between silver nitrate and zinc, zinc is reduced.

A

False

Zinc is oxidized, not reduced.

103
Q

Fill in the blank: The nitrate ion remains _______ during the reaction.

A

unchanged

The nitrate ion does not participate in the redox process.

104
Q

In the reaction discussed, was the silver oxidized or reduced?

A

The text does not specify the outcome for silver.

105
Q

What type of reaction is involved in refining copper ore to produce pure copper?

A

Reduction

106
Q

What is reduction in a chemical process?

A

A gain of electrons

107
Q

If one substance undergoes reduction, what must happen to another substance?

A

It must lose electrons

108
Q

In a chemical reaction, what must be analyzed to determine oxidation or reduction?

A

Each substance that participates in the reaction

109
Q

Fill in the blank: Reduction involves a gain of _______.

A

electrons

110
Q

True or False: Oxidation involves a gain of electrons.

A

False

111
Q

What is the key process in refining copper ore?

A

Reduction

112
Q

In the reaction discussed, was the silver oxidized or reduced?

A

The text does not specify the outcome for silver.

113
Q

What type of reaction is involved in refining copper ore to produce pure copper?

A

Reduction

114
Q

What is reduction in a chemical process?

A

A gain of electrons

115
Q

If one substance undergoes reduction, what must happen to another substance?

A

It must lose electrons

116
Q

In a chemical reaction, what must be analyzed to determine oxidation or reduction?

A

Each substance that participates in the reaction

117
Q

Fill in the blank: Reduction involves a gain of _______.

A

electrons

118
Q

True or False: Oxidation involves a gain of electrons.

A

False

119
Q

What is the key process in refining copper ore?

A

Reduction

120
Q

What is a single replacement reaction?

A

A reaction in which an element reacts with a compound to produce a new element and a new compound

Example: Zinc replacing silver ions in silver nitrate to produce solid silver.

121
Q

What is a spectator in a chemical reaction?

A

An atom or polyatomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction

Example: The nitrate ion in the reaction between zinc and silver nitrate.

122
Q

In the reaction of zinc and silver nitrate, what was produced?

A

Solid silver

This occurs when zinc replaces silver ions in the silver nitrate.

123
Q

True or False: In a single replacement reaction, both reactants change.

A

False

Only one element changes while the other remains a spectator.

124
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is an atom or polyatomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction.

A

[spectator]

125
Q

Fill in the blank: A single replacement reaction produces a new _______ and a new _______.

A

[element], [compound]

126
Q

What is a single replacement reaction?

A

A reaction in which an element reacts with a compound to produce a new element and a new compound

Example: Zinc replacing silver ions in silver nitrate to produce solid silver.

127
Q

What is a spectator in a chemical reaction?

A

An atom or polyatomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction

Example: The nitrate ion in the reaction between zinc and silver nitrate.

128
Q

In the reaction of zinc and silver nitrate, what was produced?

A

Solid silver

This occurs when zinc replaces silver ions in the silver nitrate.

129
Q

True or False: In a single replacement reaction, both reactants change.

A

False

Only one element changes while the other remains a spectator.

130
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is an atom or polyatomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction.

A

[spectator]

131
Q

Fill in the blank: A single replacement reaction produces a new _______ and a new _______.

A

[element], [compound]

132
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Reduction-oxidation reaction

Commonly shortened to redox reaction.

133
Q

What occurs during oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons by an atom

This process results in the formation of ionic compounds.

134
Q

What occurs during reduction?

A

Gain of electrons by an atom

This process allows for the extraction of metal ions from ores.

135
Q

How are metal ions extracted from ores?

A

By giving the metal ions electrons

This process involves reduction.

136
Q

What type of reactions can involve oxidation and reduction processes?

A

Single replacement reactions

One reactant gains electrons while another loses electrons.

137
Q

What is a spectator ion?

A

An ion that does not lose or gain electrons

It remains unchanged during the reaction.

138
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Reduction-oxidation reaction

Commonly shortened to redox reaction.

139
Q

What occurs during oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons by an atom

This process results in the formation of ionic compounds.

140
Q

What occurs during reduction?

A

Gain of electrons by an atom

This process allows for the extraction of metal ions from ores.

141
Q

How are metal ions extracted from ores?

A

By giving the metal ions electrons

This process involves reduction.

142
Q

What type of reactions can involve oxidation and reduction processes?

A

Single replacement reactions

One reactant gains electrons while another loses electrons.

143
Q

What is a spectator ion?

A

An ion that does not lose or gain electrons

It remains unchanged during the reaction.

1. Science 20 (52 decks)

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