9. Prejudice: Definitions, Types and Explanations Flashcards
Prejudice shapes the q____ we a____, the d____ we c____ and how we i____ our f____
questions, ask, data, collect, interpret, findings
Prejudice, as defined by Hogg and Vaughn, 2018, is u____ a____ towards a s____ g____ and its m____
unfavourable attitude, social group, members
Prejudice is traditionally viewed as consisting of 3 components:
1. C____ - b____ and s____ about a social group
2. A____ - strong usually n____ feelings about a social group and the q____ it is believed to possess
3. C____ - i____ to b____ in a certain way towards the social group (not b____ itself)
- Cognitive, beliefs, stereotypes
- Affective, negative, qualities
- Conative, intentions, behave, behaviour
Benevolent sexism is o____ p____ beliefs about the r____ k____ of women, which predict not-so-nice attitudes about women who d____ from p____ g____ n____/r____
ostensibly positive, right kind, deviate, prescribed gender norms/roles
(ostensibly = as appears or is stated to be true, though not necessarily so; apparently.
e.g. “the party secretary resigned, ostensibly from ill health”)
Key elements of modern theories of racism:
1. Residual n____ a____ towards the o____ (e.g. African Americans)
2. Societal norms discourage “o____ s____” prejudice - so it is expressed in n____ w____
3. Includes m____ of the effects of or o____ n____ of racism/prejudice
4. Shared interest among these theories in i____ d____
- negative attitudes, outgrip
- old school, new ways
- minimisation, ongoing nature
- individual differences
Explicit attitudes are c____, o____, r____ and m____
controllable, overt, reflective, monitorable
S____-r____ measures of attitudes toward a social group measure e____ attitudes. However, s____ d____ concerns can lead people to c____ their r____ attitudes. People may also be u____ of some prejudice they harbour
self-report, explicit
social desirability, conceal, real
unaware
Implicit attitudes are r____, outside c____ a____, u____ and s____. They are based on t____ p____
reflective, conscious awareness, uncontrollable subtle
task performance
Implicit attitude measures include h____ r____, b____ p____ methods, m____-e____ and r____ times
heart rate, bogus pipeline, micro-expressions, reaction time (e.g. the IAT)
The Implicit Association Test is based on r____ t____. Shorter rt and f____ e____ => s____ l____ between c____
Based on reaction times – shorter RT and fewer errors => stronger link between concepts
(Black/White, Pleasant/Unpleasant)
(Have to press a particular key to indicate something is in one of the two categories – which categories are paired change between trials (eg. Black/Pleasant, White/Pleasant)
Differences between RT for different combinations indicate prejudice (Greenwald et al., 1998)… or do they?)
S____/m____ racism is useful for explaining behaviour of p____ c____. A____ racism is useful for explaining prejudice among those with more e____ beliefs
Symbolic/modern, political conservatives
Aversive, egalitarian (Someone who explicitly supports egalitarian values and principles
But has implicit negative views/association with Blacks (and other ethnic groups))
Two individual differences explanations of prejudice:
1. A____ p____ and r____-w____ a____
2. S____ d____ o____
- Authoritarian personality, right-wing authoritarianism
- Social dominance orientation
Three intergroup theories of prejudice:
1. R____ G____ C____ Theory
2. S____ I____ Theory
3. I____ T____
- realistic group conflict
- social identity
- Intergroup Threats
A____ and p____ parenting practices lead to the development of an a____ p____
autocratic, punitive, authoritarian personality
Adorno et al (1950) surveyed ~2000 white Americans and found F____ and measures of p____ correlate positively. Pts with high scores on F-scale i____ p____, show strict o____ and harsh p____
F-scale, prejudice correlate positively
F-scale idealise parents, strict obedience, harsh punishments
S____ and s____ factors have a powerful effect on ethnocentrism
situational, sociocultural
Pettigrew (1958) studied White US Northerners, White US Southerners, White South Africans and found similar a____ scores but much less racism among…
This shows a c____ of prejudice may be s____ or n____ for d____
authoritarian, White US northerners
culture, sufficient, necessary, discrimination
Two methodological issues with Pettigrew (1985) are:
1. No n____ w____ items
2. I____ and s____ b____
- negatively worded
- Interviewer, sample bias
E____ can arise quicker than c____ r____ p____ have time to change
Ethnocentrism, child rearing practices
Right-wing authoritarianism is comprised of three dimensions:
1. Authoritarian s____
2. C____
3. P____ against d____
- Authoritarian submission: submission to society’s established authorities
- Conventionalism: adherence to social conventions adopted by existing authorities
- Punitiveness against deviants: support for aggression toward deviants
RWA is less a p____ t____, and more an i____ o____ that varies between individuals. For those high in RWA, social conventions are m____, acquiring authority results from f____ s____ c____, and questioning power/authority is thus i____
personality type, ideological orientation, moral, following social conventions, immoral
RWA correlates with prejudice against g____ people, i____, f____, B____ and J____ minorities. Those who are politically c____ tend to score more highly on RWA
gay, immigrants, foreigners, Black, Jewish
conservative
The Social Dominance Theory states there are d____ groups and s____ groups
D____ groups have d____ p____ and s____ p____
S____ groups have l____ p____ p____ or e____ in their way of life
Dominant groups: they have disproportionate power and special privileges (e.g. housing, health, good employment)
Subordinate groups: they have little political power or ease in their way of life (e.g. poor housing, poor health, unemployment etc).
According the the SDT, prejudice results from the human societies’ tendency to be organised in g____-b____ h____
group-based hierarchies
Prejudice serves a purpose - it p____ the d____ g____ i____
protects the dominant group’s interests
Dominant groups maintain their power over subordinate groups by:
1. S____-w____ level processes
2. P____-level processes
3. I____ level processes
- System-wide
- Person
- Intergroup
System-wide level processes are forces in all societies that push to e____ h____, or a____ them
enhance hierarchies, attenuate
S____ i____ and l____ m____ can be hierarchy e____ or hierarchy a____
Social institutions, legitimising myths, enhancing, attenuating
Hierarchy enhancing i____ allocate resources d____ to the advantage of the d____ groups and disadvantage of the s____ groups
Hierarchy enhancing institutions allocate resources disproportionately to the advantage of dominant groups and disadvantage of subordinate groups
Hierarchy attenuating i____ attempt to allocate resources to the advantage of s____ groups, with a view of r____ e____
Hierarchy attenuating institutions attempt to allocate resources to the advantage of subordinate groups, with a view to restoring equality (e.g., human rights and civil rights groups)
Legitimising myths are widely shared i____ that o____ and j____ hierarchies… or c____ them
Legitimizing myths are widely shared ideologies that organise and justify hierarchies – or challenge these
Hierarchy enhancing: ideas or discourses that help justify racism, sexism etc. – discourse about biological differences between men and women; ‘meritocracy’ discourses
Hierarchy attenuating: charter of universal human rights, feminist or socialist ideas/ideals
A____ i____ a____ of discrimination help to maintain group-based hierarchies
Aggregated individual acts
SDT focuses on one particular individual difference variable:
S____ D____ O____ - a measure of someone’s o____ towards g____-b____ hierarchies
Social Dominance Orientation - A measure of someone’s orientation towards group-based hierarchies
High SDO has been associated with higher levels of p____ towards o____
Higher levels of prejudice towards outgroups
Low SDO has been associated with greater e____ and greater t____
Greater egalitarianism, Greater tolerance
A study into Group Status and SDO found that across various samples and nations, members of s____ d____ groups were found to have …. SDO of s____ groups
salient dominant, greater SDO, subordinate
In a university study, HE majors reported higher SDO and r____ than HE majors. Members of dominant group are also d____ found in HE roles
racism, disproportionally (e.g. police force, vs. civil rights groups)
There are 4 proposed processes for Roles and SDO:
1. S____-s____
2. I____ d____ in h____
3. I____ s____ on the j____
4. D____ f____ and a____
- self-selection
- institutional discrimination. hiring
- ideological socialisation, job
- differential feedback, attrition
Gatto et al. (2009) found that a sample of police officers with one year training hold more a____-e____ attitudes than newly recruited police officers.
anti-egalitarian
Note that this somewhat controls for self-selection and hiring discrim because these people have all chosen to come and made it in
Leitner and Sedlacek (1976) found that campus police officers who are more racist tend to receive more p____ p____ e____ from their supervisors.
positive performance evaluations
Behavioural asymmetry means members of s____ groups behave in ways that are less b____ to s____ and i____ compared to behaviour of d____ groups in s____ group-based hierarchies. S____ sometimes f____ d____ over their own i____
subordinate, beneficial, self, in-group, dominant, stable
subordinates, favour dominants, in-group
(sub groups must internalize their own position and then behave in ways that support the system)
RWA and SDO can both be thought of as i____ o____. RWA taps more into submission to authority w____ one’s in-group whereas SDO taps into preferences for hierarchies b____ groups
ideological orientations
within, between
Realistic Group Conflict Theory:
1. Determinants of i____ attitudes and behaviour lie in the o____ i____ s____
2. I____ behaviour is r____ and g____-d____
- Determinants of intergroup attitudes and behaviour lie in the objective intergroup situation (not intrapsychic processes)
- Intergroup behaviour is rational and goal-directed
The realistic group conflict theory states that:
C____ of interests –> c____ and h_____
H____ of interests –> c____ and f_____
Conflict, competition, hostility
Harmony, co-operation, friendliness
- Sherif’s summer camp studies (1966) involved 24 white boys unacquainted with each other and screened for personality ‘p____’ and levels of economic d____.
- The studies involved four phases:
1. I____ i____ as a whole group
2. G____ f____
3. I____ c____
4. S____ g____ - Measures and methods:
1. O____ of group behaviour
2. F____ c____
3. I____ evaluations in m____-experiements
problems, deprivation
1. Initial interaction as whole group
2. group formation – best friends placed in outgroup; separate group activities
3. intergroup competition – series of contests, overall winning group takes prize (shiny new penknives!)
4. superordinate goals – cooperation over common goals
1. Observations
2. friendship choices
3. intergroup, mini
In Sherif’s summer camp studies:
Friendship choices after group formation…
own group = __%
other group = __%
Friendship choices after competition…
own group = __%
other group = __%
After co-operation…
own group = __%
other group = __%
35%, 65%
92%, 8%
76%, 24%
A key outcome measure (DV) for whether intergroup cooperation may work or not is l____ for o____ m____
liking for outgroup members
Some difficulties with Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT):
1. Evidence that social and psychological consequences can occur i____ of objective situation
2. Conflicting interests not necessary to a____ i____ b____ and c____
3. Intergroup behaviour not solely motivated by i____ c____ - can run c____ to s____-i____
- independently
- arouse in-group bias, competition
- instrumental considerations, counter, self-interest
