12. Stereotypes II

Question 1

Lyons & Kashima (2001) examined the transmission of stereotypes in c____ c____.
A few rungs down the c____ they found i____ information d____ but c_____ remains i____.
This highlights the “s____” nature of stereotypes - if we all held different stereotypes, these would c____ one another along the c____

Answer 1

communication chains
chain, inconsistent, disappears, consistent, intact
“shared”, counter, chain

Question 2

Stereotype transmission:
1. As stories get passed on, they become more s____ in content
2. This is due to:
a) C____ processes - we remember better stereotype-c____ info, pay more a____ to it etc.
b) S____ processes - we want to establish c____ g____ with others. So we share info with them that’s likely to be e____. We signal we’re on the same page
3. Not just w____ gets communicated is important, but also h____

Answer 2

1. stereotypical
   a) Cognitive, consistent, attention
   b) Social, common ground, expected
2. what, how

Question 3

Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB) (Maas et al., 1989) examined how l____ a____ used to describe i____-group and o____-group members can t____ and s____ stereotypes

Answer 3

language abstraction, in-group, out-group, transmit, sustain

Question 4

Linguistic intergroup bias:
More a____ language is used for p____ in-group and n____ out-group behaviour.
In a study where Participants read descriptions of behaviours generated in Study 1 (without seeing the horse cartoons), increased level of abstraction lead to pts thinking:
1. The information was more i____ about the actor
2. The behaviour was more likely to be r____ in the future

Answer 4

abstract, positive, negative
1. informative (In your opinion, how much information does the phrase reveal about the protagonist?)
2. repeated (In your opinion, how likely is it that the same action or attribute will be repeated in the future?)

Question 5

Language abstraction p____ stereotypes. Positive in-group and negative outgroup behaviour is presented as e____ and t____. Applied to members of a group r____ leads to stereotyping.

Answer 5

propagates, enduring, typical, repeatedly

Question 6

Stereotype threat occurs when people believe they might be j____ in light of a negative stereotype about their s____ i____ and that they may i____ a____ in some way to c____ a negative stereotype of their group. A____ that one’s group is negatively stereotyped in a given d____ can give rise to concerns about whether the self will be judged against those s____.

Answer 6

judged, social identity, inadvertently act, confirm
Awareness, domain, standards

Question 7

Steele & Aronson (1995) examined performance on an intellectual ability test among Black and White participants with ethnicity made salient or not:
1. Ethnicity made salient by asking pts for d____ information immediately b____ taking v____ a____ test
2. In non-salient condition this d____ information wasn’t c____
3. Black subjects performed better on the ….. condition
4. White subjects performed better on the … condition

Answer 7

1. demographic, before, verbal ability
2. demographic, collected
3. No race prime
4. Race prime

Question 8

Stereotype threat performance decrements can be prevented by:
1. Reducing perceptions of t____
–> I____
–> Making m____ i____ s____
–> perceptions of stereotyped qualities as m____
2. Strengthening c____
–> self-a____
–> m____
3. Creating i____-s____ environments
–> r____ m____
–> s____-g____ environments

Answer 8

1. threat
   –> Individuating
   –> multiple identities salient
   –> malleable
2. Coping
   –>self-affirmation
   –>mindfulness
3. identity-safe
   –>role models
   –> single-group

Question 9

S____-a____ may buffer against stereotype threat
… Latin American students earned higher grades in the a____ condition (compared to control) in the end of the year (European American students were u____)

Answer 9

Self-affirmation, affirmation, unaffected