10. Prejudice: Intergroup Explanations and Reduction Flashcards
Tajfel’s starting point for the Social Identity Theory was:
How do people come to see each other as e____ in the absence of r____ or o____ reasons? Can p____ exist outside of c____ over r____?
enemies, rational, objective
Prejudice, competition, resources
Minimal group studies methodology (Tajfel et al., 1971):
1. Participants assigned to __ of __ groups based on c____ or an a____ (alleged) criterion
2. No h____ of conflict, no i____/c____ during the study
- one of two, chance, arbitrary (e.g. alleged paining preference or even flip of a coins (heads or tails group))
- history, interaction/contact
Minimal group studies methodology (Tajfel et al., 1971):
1. Participants are led to p____ c____ where they are asked to allocate points (which would convert into money) to:
2. Two members of the i____
3. Two members of the o____
4. A member of their group (i____) and a member of the other group (o____)
5. Participants are told how they allocate money would not affect the points (money) they r____ as i____ for participation. So their choices of monetary allocations cannot be driven by p____ g____
- private cubicles
- ingroup
- outgroup
- in-group, outgroup
- receive, individuals, personal greed
Distribution strategies in the minimal group paradigm matrix:
1. F____
2. M____ i____ p____
3. M____ j____ p____
4. M____ d____
- Fairness
- Maximum in-group profit
- Maximum joint profit
- Maximum differentiation
Which strategy is more likely to be used when allocating to…
1. Two different in-group members = f____
2. Two different outgrip members = f____
3. An in-group member and an outgroup member = i____ f____
- fairness
- fairness
- in-group favouritism
In the minimal group studies, pts are not trying to m____ their possession of a scare resource (money). They prefer their i____ get more than the o____, even if this means receiving l____ material resources o____. They care about the r____ rather than the a____ standing of the group. This d____ in favour of the i____ is happening in the absence of any c____ h____ and any prior c____!
maximise, in-group, outgroup, less, overall
relative, absolute
discrimination, in-group, conflict history, contact
Mere categorisation effect = categorising people onto different s____ g____ is sufficient for creating e____.
social groups, ethnocentrism (prejudice)
Hundreds of minimal group experiments showed that m____ c____ produces e____ and c____ i____ behaviour
mere categorisation, ethnocentrism, competitive intergroup
Results of minimal group studies are interpreted as evidence that there is a p____ m____ operating in individuals to d____ group i____ regardless of s____-i____
psychological motivation, defend, interests, self-interest
(note - mechanisms for minimal in-group bias are unclear and different explanations exist)
The social identity theory says that behaviour in situations where our group or social identities are salient will be driven by four things, rather than out personal identities:
1. Social categories do not only s____ and bring o____ to our world, they also provide a basis for our i____, our sense of who we are
2. People strive to a____/m____ a p____ i____
3. Positive s____ identity is largely based on f____ i____ c____ - we seek to make our group p____ d____ from other groups
4. Threats to i____ can cause people to seek to l____ their group or to make it more d____
- simplify, order, identity, who we are
- achieve/maintain positive identity
- social, favourable intergroup comparisons, positively distinct
- identity, leave, distinctive
Social identification: “that part of an individual’s s____-c____ which derives from his knowledge of m____ of a social group (or groups) together with the e____ s____ attached to that membership” (Tajfel, 1974, p.69).
V____ among individuals. V____ depending on c____ (group identity can become more s____)
self-concept, membership, emotional significance, varies, varies, context, salient
Patriotism = loving one’s c____ without necessarily feeling that one’s c____ is s____ to others. Patriotism should not necessarily c____ p____ with prejudice towards outgroup, while n____ should. Content of n____ i____ matters
country, country, superior, correlate positively, nationalism, national identities
National i____ is associated with prejudice towards a____-s____, but particularly among those who that that national group m_____ is based on e____ attributes
identification, asylum-seekers, membership ethnic (essentialist and unchangeable)
Intergroup Threat Theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000):
Threat can arise because group members perceive themselves to be c____ with the outgroup over s____ m____ r____ or when they feel that their p____ s____ or p____ is e____: r____ threats
competing, scarce material resources, physical safety, power, endangered, realistic
According to the Intergroup Threat Theory, group members can feel threatened if they perceive the outgroup to be a threat to their c____ v____, r____, b____ s____, i____, philosophy, morality or world: s____ threat
cultural values, religion, belief system, ideology, symbolic
Meta-analysis findings showed that r____ and s____ threats are associated with n____ o____ attitudes
realistic, symbolic, negative outgroup
Threats need not be real, but need to be p____ as such. These beliefs can be constructed by p____ or m____ for example
perceived, politicians, media
Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954): Interaction between individuals belonging to different social groups will reduce e____ p____ and i____ t____
ethnic prejudice, intergroup tension
Allport (1954) acknowledged ‘c____’ could lead to an increase in prejudice as well as its reduction. He came up with four conditions that the outcome of contact would be favourable in:
1. The participants are of e____ s____
2. Pursing c____ g____ cooperatively
3. Backed by s____ and i____ support
4. There is a____ p____
- equal status
- Common goals
- Social, institutional
- acquaintance potential
Pettigrew & Tropp (2006) meta-analysis of 500+ studies across 38 nations found that c____ is linked to r____ p____. They also found the four conditions were f____ rather than n____, and that contact is u____ linked to positive effects, but how s____ linked depends on f____ f____. One problem they found was few experimental designs m____ the four conditions and look at d____ e____ of contact on prejudice.
contact, reduced prejudice
facilitating, necessary
usually, strongly, facilitating factors
manipulate, delayed effects
Meta-analytic findings on if target group makes a difference on contact effect on prejudice:
1. Stronger effects for h____ prejudice towards g____/l____ individuals and individuals with p____ d____
2. Average effects for r____ and e____ prejudice
3. Weaker effects for prejudice towards o____ people and individuals with m____ illnesses
4. Stronger effects for a____ than d____ groups (not as targets, but as the participants)
- heterosexual, gay/lesbian, physical disabilities
- racial, ethnic
- older, mental
- advantaged, disadvantaged
A recent review of 27 high-quality experimental designs supports p____ e____ of c____ on prejudice (c____ relationship)
positive effects, contact, causal
Affective mediators including i____ a____, e____ e____ (and adopting of outgroup p____) and i____ t____ are more important than cognitive mechanisms on contact
intergroup anxiety, enhanced empathy, perspective, intergroup threats
Problematic elements of contact:
1. Negative i____ contact can occur and i____ prejudice - a____ hypothesis = negative i____ contact affects prejudice more than positive contact
2. I____ or p____ effects of positive intergroup contact for d____ groups - decreases in perceptions of i____ and reduced willingness to engage in c____ a____ to challenge s____ i____
- intergroup, increase, asymmetry, intergroup
- Ironic, paradoxical, disadvantaged, injustice, collective action, social inequalities
