17. Dimensions of Culture Flashcards
Culture is a concept originating in a____, that has has an increasing impact on s____ s____ over the course of the __th century. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1963) famously listed __ different definitions!
anthropology
social sciences, 20th
161
Potential pitfalls:
1. Theorising based on s____
2. M____ issues
- stereotypes
- Methodological working in multiple languages, comparability of constructs, response styles (e.g. acquiescence), cultures are not individuals)
Emic approaches are grounded in s____ c____ c____. They make no claim to g____ or attempt to c____.
specific cultural context
generality, compare
Etic approaches aspire to u____ or at least c____. There is i____ etic and d____ etic.
universality, comparability
imposed, derived
Cross-cultural psychology explains differences in p____ p____
psychological processes
Cultural psychology understands the l____ of c____ s____
logic, cultural systems
Indigenous psychologies e____ l____ researchers and ideas
empower local
Intercultural psychology focuses on c____ between cultures
contact
Comparative culturology maps v____ in cultures across s____:
1. I____ social science field
2. M____-level analyses of large, multinational s____
3. Focus on describing c____ n____ of societies, not individuals’ psychological f____
4. Societies provide the c____ c____ for individuals’ psychological f____
variations, societies
1. Interdisciplinary
2. Macro, surveys
3. cultural norms, functioning
4. cultural contexts, functioning
The ecological fallacy is an ecological level of a____ which falsely e____ group-level findings to an i____ level of e____. Reverse ecological fallacy is wrongly attributing properties of i_____ to c____
analysis
extrapolates, individual, explanation
individuals, cultures
Methodological problems with questionnaires:
1. people in different cultures use r____ s____ in different ways
2. Variation in a____ - in some cultures people tend to agree more with e____
- response scales
- acquiescence, everything
Hofstede analysed data at an e____ level. Theoretically guided data exploration led to ‘discovery’ of __ dimensions of comparative cult urology (CC):
1. P____ d____
2. U____ a____
3. I____ vs c____
4. M____ vs f____
This provided a 4D cultural m____ of the w____
ecological, 4 (4 dimensions of cultural variation)
1. Power distance
2. Uncertainty avoidance
3. Individualism vs collectivism
4. Masculinity vs femininity
map of the world
Hofstede found that individualism highly correlated with e____ d____
economic development
Hofstede said individualism is he degree to which people in a society are i____ into g____
integrated, groups
Masculinity = a preference for a____, h____, a____ and m____ s____
vs
Femininity = a preference for r____, m____, c____ for the w____ and q____ of life
M = achievement, heroism, assertiveness, material success
F = relationships, modesty, caring, weak, quality
Hofstede said power distance is the extent to which members of a society a____ that power in i____ and o____ is distributed u____. PD has a strong negative correlation with i____
accept, institutions, organisations, unequally
Individualism
Hofstede said uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which the members of a society feel u____ with u____ and a____, which leads them to s____ beliefs p____ certainty and to m____ i____ protecting c____
uncomfortable, uncertainty, ambiguity
support, promising, maintain institutions, conformity
Concerns about Hofstede scores:
1. Item c____
2. T____ and survey p____
3. Sampling of i____ and s____
4. H____ change
5. I____ data and “e____ r____”
- content
- Translation, procedures
- individuals, societies
- Historical
- Inconsistent, expert ratings
A new dimension of CC found from the Chinese Culture Connection (1987) study was c____ w____ d____
confucian work dynamism
Confucian work dynamism was added to Hofstede model as a 5th dimension. It positively correlated with e____ g____
economic growth
Minkov (2018) found:
1. Individualism was i____ from low power distance.
2. Masculinity and uncertainty avoidance were not r____
3. LTO was renamed –> m____ vs f____
- indistinguishable
- replicated
- monumentalism vs flexibility
Monumentalism = selves are seen as s____ and p____, “like a monument”
vs
Flexibility = selves are seen as c____, h____ and i____
stable, proud
changeable, humble, improvable
The Schwartz Values Survey (1990-now) conducts research into the s____ of v____.
It carries out both i____ and c____ levels of analysis and involves a list of __ values rated to importance “as a g____ p____ in my life”
structure of values
individual, cultural
56
guiding principle
Between culture analysis in The Schwartz Values Survey:
1. __ of __ values shows similar positions in structure within all cultures
2. Country m____ for e____ analysis
3. S____ to remove a____
4. E____ smallest space analysis shows circumflex model of __ value types
- 40 of 56
- means, ecological
- Standardisation, acquiescence
- Ecological, seven
Comparing levels of analysis… within-cultures:
1. O____ to c____ vs c____
2. S____-t____ vs s____-e____
- Openness to change, conservation
- Self-transcendence vs self-enhancement
Comparing levels of analysis… between-cultures:
1. A____ vs e____
2. H____ vs m____
3. E____ vs h____
- Autonomy vs embeddedness
- Harmony mastery
- Egalitarianism, hierarchy
