19. Beyond Subjective Culture Flashcards
Friesen (1972) had pts watch a short film of bodily mutilation and found:
1. When alone, both US and Japanese pts showed d____
2. When others were present, ____ didn’t show any d____
This suggests that in that culture, negative emotional display risks h____
- disgust
- Japanese, disgust
harmony
Matsumoto (1990) predicted differences in d____ r____ for positive and negative emotions. It was found collectivism predicts wooing more ____ (vs ____) emotions to i____ (vs o____)
display rules, positive (vs negative), in-groups (vs outgroups)
Across US, Japan, Russia, South Korea, individualism-collectivism measure accounted for __% of cross-cultural differences in d____ r____ (Matsumoto, Takeuchi, et al., 1998)
30%, display rules
Reading emotions from facial expressions:
1. US pts judged h____ i____ expressions as indicating l____ i____ experience than expression
2. Japanese judged l____ i____ expression as indicating m____ i____ experience than expression
3. “Individualism-collectivism” measure accounted for i____ but not c____ differences
- high intensity, less intense
- low intensity, more intense
- individual, cultural
Tight cultures have “many strong n____ and a low tolerance of d____ behaviour”
norms, deviant
Loose cultures have “weak social n____ and a high tolerance of d____ behaviour”
norms, deviant
Cultural tightness and looseness states that e____ and h____-made threats increase the need for strong n____ and p____ of d____ behaviour in the service of social c____ for survival
ecological, human, norms, punishment, deviant, coordination
A nuclear family includes p____ and c____. They are prevalent in North A____ and Northern E____, also in h____-g____ societies
parents and children
America, Europe
hunter-gatherer
Extended families include p____ and c____, plus g____, a____, u____, c____ etc. Prevalence in most of the rest of the world (outside of North America and Northern Europe), especially a____ societies.
parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins
agrarian
In 2012, __% of marriages in the world were arranged.
Marrying for love was less common at __%.
__% of marriages in India were arranged (arranged marriage is not the same as forced marriage)
53.25%
46.75%
88%
Reasons someone might choose an arranged marriage:
1. Preserve social h____
2. Create p____ and e____ l____ between families
3. S____ and e____ p____
4. R____ rather than e____ choice
- harmony
- political, economic links
- social, economic protection
- Rational, emotional
Whether students answered yes or no to the question “If a man/woman had all the other qualities you desired, would you marry this person if you were not in love with him (her)?” predicted effects of i____-c____ BUT had a stronger correlation with a____
individualism-collectivism, affluence
Buss et al. (1990) studied preferences in selecting mates in 37 cultures and found a relatively similar profile across cultures. Most desirable characteristics were:
1. Mutual a____ - l____
2. D____ character
3. Emotional s____ and m____
4. P____ disposition
5. E____ and i____
There was the greatest cultural variation in value of c____
- attraction - love
- Dependable
- stability, maturity
- pleasing
- education, intelligence
chastity
Shackelford, Schmitt & Buss (2005) factor analysed Buss et al. data at individual level and found four factors:
1. L____ vs s____ & r____
2. D____ & s____ vs h____ & g____ l____
3. E____ & i____ vs d____ h____ & c____
4. S____ vs s____ r____
They found that national averages correlated with affluence
Left side = r____ countries vs rights side = p____ countries
- love, status, resources
- dependability, stability, health, good looks
- education, intelligence, desire home, children
- sociability, similar religion
richer, poorer
Neto et al found minimal differences in three love styles among students in 8 countries:
1. E____
2. M____
3. A____
But stronger differences in the other three styles:
1. L____
2. P____
3. S____
- eros (romantic, passionate love)
- mania (possessive, dependent love)
- agape (selfless love)
- ludus (game playing love)
- pragma (shopping list love)
- storge (friendship love)
Relational mobility is a s____ variable that represents how much f____ and o____ a society affords individuals to c____ and d____ of i____ relationships based on p____ p____
socioecological, freedom, opportunity, choose, dispose, interpersonal, personal preference
Subsistence styles - lower relational mobility in r____-f____ cultures, higher relational mobility in h____ cultures
rice-farming, herding
Ecological and historical threats - relational mobility lower in h____ c____, higher p____ prevalence, population d____, historically p____ nations
harsh climates, pathogen, density, poorer
Greater investment in relationships - higher relational mobility predicts t____ in strangers, higher s____-e____, self-d____, i____ with close friend/partner, w____ to help a close friend in crisis (ie offer s____ s____)
trust, self-esteem, disclosure, intimacy, willingness, social support
The “eco-cultural framework” aims to map c____ of cultural differences using culture-level rather than a____ indicators. It includes two contexts:
1. E____ context (ambient temperature, rainfall, natural resources)
2. S____-p____ context (Education, economics, mass communication, population geography, religion)
context, aggregated
1. ecological
2. socio-political
Georgas et al. (2004) used eco-cultural clusters of nations to predict psychological dimensions. Key findings centred on a____ and r____:
1. A____ associated with greater i____ and life s____, and lower p____ distance
2. Different r____ clusters differed especially in p____ distance, h____ and u____ a____
affluence, religion
1. affluence, individualism, satisfaction, power
2. religious, power, hierarchy, uncertainty avoidance
Georgas et al. (2004) also found that means of s____ and e____ threats predicted psychological dimensions.
subsistence, ecological
Climato-economic interactions have shown that i____ makes a greater difference in h____ climates (very c____ or very h____). In temperate (middle) climates, i____ makes little difference to h____ or a____
income, harsher, cold, hot, income, happiness, altruism
Conclusions:
1. Effects of cultural context on individuals behaviour do not necessarily depend on individuals i____ the culturally prevailing b____ and v____ (ie cultural o____)
2. Cultural orientations might also be a c____ of cultural practices
3. Cultural practices of i____ also serve to reproduce the b____ cultural context
4. So we can view cultures as d____ systems of b____, v____ and p____ that reinforce eachother
5. All of this happens with a broader s____ and h____ context
6. Cultural systems adapt to their s____ context
- internalising, beliefs, values, orientation
- consequence
- individuals, broader
- dynamic, beliefs, values, practices
- socioecological, historical
- socioecological
