18. Unpacking Cultural Differences Flashcards
The central idea of Markus and Kitayama (1991) review paper was ‘W____’ and ‘non-W____’ cultures differ in relative prevalence of i____ and i____ s___–c____
Western, Western
independent, interdependent self-construals
Self-construal theory:
1. People in different cultures have strikingly different c____ of the s____, of o____ and of the i____ of the two
2. These c____ can i____, and in many cases d____, the very nature of i____ e____, including c____, e____ and m____
- construals, self, others, interdependence
- construals, influence, determine, individual experience, cognition, emotion, motivation
Markus & Kitayama, 1991 defined independent as s____ from s____ c____
separate, social context
Markus & Kitayama, 1991 defined interdependent as c____ with s____ c____
connected, social context
Matsumoto (1999) pointed out that Markus & Kitayama’s evidence showed that country influenced c____, e____ and m____. However, Markus & Kitayama’s theory stated that national culture influenced cognition, emotion and motivation through s____-c____
cognition, emotion, motivation
self-construals (no measure in literature for self-construals)
Singelis and Sharkey (1995) found group differences in e____. A____-A____ on average were more s____ to e____ than E____-A____. There were also significant group differences in i____ and i____ s____-c____. AA on average reported less i____ and more i____ s____-c____ than did EA.
embarrassability, Asian-Americans, susceptible, embarrassment, Euro-Americans
independent, interdependent self-construals
independent, interdependent self-construals
Singelis and Sharkey (1995) found that i____ and i____ self-construals significantly predicted e____. After controlling for self-construals, g____ m____ did not predict e____. This was interpreted as evidence for self-construals being a m____
independent, interdependent, embarrassability
group membership, embarrassability
mediator
One problem is that “W____” and “E____” participants usually did not differ as expected on s____-r____ measures of i____ and i____.
western, eastern, self-report, independence, interdependence
Problems with sampling individuals:
1. Many studies rely on s____ samples
2. Unrepresentative of n____ from which drawn
3. M____ some n____ more than others
4. Representative sampling u____ as measure c____ o____ at individual level
5. Problem of “r____-g____ effects”
- student
- nation
- misrepresent, nations
- unrealistic, cultural orientation
- reference-group
Problems with sampling cultural groups:
1. Not r____ or t____-d____
2. O____ national comparisons
3. USA treated as p____ “i____” nation
4. Japan treated as p____ “c____” nation
- representative, theory-driven
- opportunistic
- prototypical individualist
- prototypical collectivist
… BUT Hofstede rankings for individualism (out of 53)… USA: 1st, Japan: 22nd, Guatemala: 53rd
Takano and Osaka (1999) argued that J____ culture is not c____
Japanese, collectivist
Reconsidering measurement of self-construal:
- Study 1: E____ factor analysis
- Study 2: C____ factor analysis
- Both studies adjusted for r____ s____
- exploratory
- confirmatory
- response styles
When examining ways of being i____ or i____, Vignoles & 72 co-authors, 2016 found no support for the t____-f____ model. They instead found strong support for a s____-f____ model
independent, interdependent, two-factor, seven-factor
People in W____ cultures attribute a____ behaviour to d____ rather than s____. This b____ is reduce/absent in E____ A____ participants. Attribution is instead to s____/c____.
Western, ambiguous, dispositions, situation
bias, East Asian, situation/context
Cognitive styles:
1. East Asians = h____ thinking
2. Westerners = a____ thinking
- holistic
- analytic
Research among Hong Kong “biculturals” where a cover story of “Two unrelated studies” was primed with Western or Chinese images and attributions were measured showed:
1. Western primes –> d____ inferences
2. Chinese primes –> s____ inferences
- dispositional
- situational
Culture is more f____ than previously imagined. This is attributed to activation of i____ theories. Differences in behaviour depend on a____ rather than a____ of cultural knowledge.
flexible, implicit, accessibility, availability
