7. + 8. Social Influence Flashcards
Milgram investigated o____
Obedience
__ volts point in Milgram’s experiment is often referred to as the big dramatic point of the experiment - the learner has e____ asked to l____
150 v
explicitly asked to leave
At __ volts, th learner indicates that they will no longer p____ a____ (Milgram). After this point there is n____ r____ from the learner
300 v
provide answers
no response
Four experimenter prods in Milgram are:
1. Please c____, or, please g____ o____
2. The experiment r____ that you c____
3. It is a____ e____ that you c____
4. You have no o____ c____, you m____ go on
- continue, go on
- requires, continue
- absolutely essential, continue
- other choice, must
In the voice feedback condition of Milgram, the mean level of shock applied was 24.53 (1 = 15v, 30 = 450 v). What level did the following predict people would stop at?
1. Psychiatrist predictions
2. College student predictions
3. Middle class adult predictions
- 8
- 9.35
- 9.35 (just under I think by graph)
In Burger (2009) modern replication of Milgram’s study, p____ predicted when people needed the p____, but not overall c____. Similar findings were found to the original in this more e____ version.
personality, prods, compliance
ethical
In Milgram’s original experiment, about __% of pts in the voice-feedback condition go to 450v
65%
People u____ how much others will shock in the Milgram paradigm
underestimate
Milgram’s s____ perspective on his results refer to the a____ s____
Situationist, agentic shift
Haslam et al. (2014) meta-analysis of all Milgram’s conditions found v____ v____ of obedience rates between conditions - __% obedience rates to __% obedience rates.
vast variation
10% - 90%
Milgram wasn’t very s____ - he didn’t hold c____ certain elements while c____ only o____. Therefore hard to tell which precise elements of the situation actually have an influence on obedience rates
systematic, constant, changing, one
Reicher an Hallam (2012) criticisms of Milgram:
1. Milgram d____ obedience, but doesn’t e____ it
2. It’s not just about a____, people are very responsive to o____ v____
3. They frame these variations in terms of s____ d____, or r____
4. How e____ can we investigate obedience/disobedience… in the r____ w____
- describes explain
- authority, other voices
- social distance, relationships
- else, real world
Muzafer S____ (1936) a____-k____ effect was early work on s____ i____. It utilises an o____ i____ to assess group n____ f____ and t____
Sherif, auto-kinetic
social influence
optical illusion, norm formation, transmission
In Sherif’s condition A, pts started a____, then move to g____. In condition B, pts start in g____, then move to a____
alone, group, group, alone
Asch’s perspective on social psychology emphasises the importance of s____ r____ and s____ l____ for social interaction. His experiments show what happens when that is v____ - people try to r____ a s____ r____ and feel really s____ about it
shared reality, shared logic
violated, renegotiate, shared reality, stressed
When group size is 1, conformity rate is __%
When group size is 2, conformity rate is __%
From group sizes 3 - 7, conformity is in the __%s
3%
12%
30%s
(Asch) in the consensus condition, conformity rates were __2%, with 2 true pts conformity rates were __0.4% and with one true pts and one confederate who also dissents conformity rates were __.5%. This shows that as soon as consensus is b____, conformity drops c____
32%, 10.4%, 5.5%
As soon as consensus is broken, conformity drops considerably
In Asch’s conformity studies, __% of pts conformed __ times:
1. 0 = __4%
2. 1-3 = __3%
3. 4-6 = __4%
4. 7-9 = __8%
5. 10-12 = __1%
- 24%
- 33
- 14
- 18
- 11
Giving in to the majority isn’t ‘m____’ - it involves showing m____ and c____ to those around you
mindless
mindfulness and consideration
Qualitative findings from Asch’s studies suggest people were trying to make s____ of a w____ s____ - not just b____ f____. Also, there was nothing to l____ by conforming in this setting. E____ conformity is not a clearcut as this. People may conform because of differences in o____ over differences of r____.
sense, weird situation, blindly following
lose, everyday, opinion, reality
The Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) has ideas about why we are influenced by groups:
1. I____ d____ to know o____
2. Opinions are ‘v____’ when we discover a____ with others
3. O____ sources are not always available so we turn to s____ sources
4. D____ implies u____ and is t____
5. Other group members are an important source of s____ c____, hence p____ to u____ in groups
- Intrinsic desire, ourselves
- validated, agreement
- Objective, social
- Disagreement, uncertainty, threatening
- social comparisons, pressures, uniformity
The social comparison theory states that we are influenced by groups in two situations:
1. Group c____ - the more i____ a group is to us, the s____ pressures to uniformity, clear group g____ usually increase cohesion
2. S____ a____ - the more u____ or a____ the situation, the greater the r____ on others and hence the greater the conformity
- Group cohesion, important, stronger, goals
- Situational ambiguity, uncertain, ambiguous, reliance
According to Deutsch and Gerard (1955), we are influenced by groups for two different reasons:
1. N____ influence - wanting to be l____
2. I____ influence - wanting to be r____
- Normative, liked
- Informational, right
Cialdini and Goldstein (2004) refer to these as accuracy and affiliation goals – which then also act to support a third underlying motivation of maintaining a positive self-concept: Self-esteem protection and self-categorisation.
Deutsch and Gerard (1955) found:
1. Normative influence r____ when response more d____ from the s____
2. Increased d____ in the task results in i____ c____
3. N____ influence stronger when in a ‘r____’ group
4. M____ sources of n____ influence
- reduced, distant, self
- doubt, increased conformity
- Normative, ‘real’
- multiple, normative
Conformity and culture:
1. L____ rates of conformity in i____ vs c____ cultures
2. Conformity i____ with % f____ participants
3. L____ conformity over t____ in the U____
4. Conformity d____ when the m____ is made up of o____ members
- Lower, individualist, collectivist
- increases, female
- Less, time, USA
- decreases, majority, outgroup
Asch positions conformity as “t____ b____ g____”
the bad guy
Campbell says the c____ of conformity is good, but t____ is still better
consensus, truth
Hodges and Geyer (2006) say s____ places m____ d____ on pts and it is not clear which is ‘m____ i____’. Strategies in the r____ aim to p____ b____ these c____ issues.
situation, multiple demands, most important
responses, pragmatically balance, competing
Moscivici says m____ influence leads to p____ change (c____) and m____ influence leads to p____ change (c____). He also says minorities must be f____ but c____
majority, public, compliance
minority, private, conversion
flexible, consistent
Moscivici’s idea was that the m____ cause the m____ to c____/r____ their own views - c____ or u____. After-image studies suggest minority influence works at a l____ level vs m____ (i.e. beneath c____ responding)
minority, majority, challenge, reconsider, consciously, unconsciously
latent level vs manifest, conscious
Moscovici adapted Asch paradigm with 4 naive pts and 2 confederates. Colour judgements, clearly blue slides reported as ‘green’ by confederates, either consistently, or sometimes by one, sometimes by the other. __% said ‘green’ at least once
32%
With no deviants, almost no-one makes errors (0.25%). 2 consistent deviants produce around 8% errors, 2 inconsistent produce just over 1% error rates.
32% said “green” at least once in the consistent deviant condition.
The conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) states that a____ to a____ leads to p____ a____ using l____ (time) and i____ effects
attention, arguments, private acceptance, latent, indirect
Replications of Moscovici are i____
inconsistent
In the gay rights majority minority study:
Participants joining the majority pro group who thought their opinions would be public were on average …… ; if they thought their opinions would be private, they were on average ….
Participants joining the majority anti group had the …. pattern.
pro (ie. Above the midpoint of the scale)
anti (below the midpoint of the scale)
opposite
As a side note: People seem to become more anti in the majority anti group than pro in the majority pro group (this may be a function of the era of this data collection).
Deviants within groups (minority influences within groups) are more likely to be:
1. O____-t____ (vs n____)
2. H____ status and/or more p____
3. Those who’re more c____ to the group
- Old-timers, newcomers
- High, prototypical
- committed
