14. Crowd Behaviour II Flashcards
Three transformations of crowd psychology:
1. C____
2. R____
3. A____
- Cognitive
- Relational
- Affective
Cognitive transformation = shift from seeing myself in terms of my p____ identity to seeing myself in terms of my s____ identity
personal, social
Transformation is NOT
1. Loss of s____/d____
2. Loss of s____-c____
3. ‘M____ m____’
- self, de-individuation
- self-control
- Mob mentality
Relational transformation is not just that the i____ c____ themselves in a particular way, but also that this is s____ amongst those present. The individual therefore believes that these others see him/her as a f____ g____ m____ - i.e. s____ social identity
individual categorises, shared, fellow group member, shared
Shared identity can result in a sense of c____ and i____, even with s____:
1. More a____/e____ of others’ close p____ p____
2. Reduced d____ at others’ b____ o____
3. T____, feeling s____
4. G____ and e____ social support
connection, intimacy, strangers
1. acceptance/enjoyment, physical presence
2. disgust, bodily odours
3. Trust, safe
4. Giving, expecting
Affective transformation is a c____ of the other transformations. Being supported by others in the group for desired goals:
1. is e____
2. feels g____
3. v____ of emotions by others in the group makes them more i____
consequence
1. empowering
2. good
3. validation, intense
Affective transformation - crowd events often seem to be very p____. Some commentators say this emotion is a form of m____ or i____
passionate (strong feelings, joy, anger, strong group loyalty…)
madness, irrationality
Both Durkheim and social identity researchers argue that strong positive emotions are linked to s____/c____ m____ activities. There are good reasons for strong emotions:
1. E____ and emotion
2. V____ and emotion
socially/ collectively meaningful
empowerment, validation
When you are empowered, you’re able to take action in a way that r____ your i____
realises, identity
Neville & Reicher (2011)
Interviews with 23 Dundee United supporters:
When participants felt that co-present others shared their social identity, they reported experienced a v____ of their emotions, which a____ the s____ of them
validation, augmented, strength
Mass gathering is an o____, either o____ or s____, where the number of people attending is sufficient to s____ the p____ and r____ resources of the community, city or nation hosting the event
occasion, organised, spontaneous, strain, planning, response
Mass gatherings: Crowd crushes…
Most things called ‘stampedes’ in the media do not involve r____
Deaths often caused by c____ c____ in extreme d____
Fear is a c____ rather than a c____ of crushes
running, crowd collapse, density
consequence, cause
Social connections made with others at f____ are associated with w____
Dingle et al. (2021) scoping review of 63 music studies examining psychosocial mechanisms:
- Some mechanisms: m____ and a____, m____ and e____ regulation, social b____ and c____
- Key point: effects of both m____ itself, and enjoying the music w____ o____
festivals, wellbeing
memory, attention, mood, emotion, bonding, connection
music, with others
Features of relational and affective transformation in mass gatherings that might contribute to health and wellbeing:
1. E____/r____ s____
2. P____ e____
- Expecting/receiving support
- Positive emotions
Khan et al. (2015) - Questionnaire data (N = 416) before, during, and after the Magh Mela
- Self-reported health was better a____ the event and a____ than b____
- Shared identity amongst p____ had an i____ effect on change in reported w____, through p____ s____
- at, afterwards, before
- pilgrims, indirect, wellbeing, perceived support (supportive relations with other pilgrims)
Koefler et al. (2024) four studies on Mass gatherings: positive emotion and subjective wellbeing:
- P____ shared positive emotion (‘c____ e____’) was strongly highly related to c____ h____ a week after attending live music events
Perceived, ‘collective effercescence’, continued happiness
Clingingsmith et al. (2009) found Those who attended Hajj (compared to matched sample):
1. Greater c____ to their Muslim i____ afterwards
2. More positive towards o____ g____
3. More favourable attitudes to w____
4. Greater belief in e____
- commitment, identity
- other groups
- women
- equality
Kalpwasis provided data at three time points (T1, T2, T3) and Controls at two (T1, T3). Comparing attendees with matched sample afterwards:
1. Heightened s____ i____ as a Hindu
2. Increased f____ of prayer rituals
3. Mechanisms:
a) perceptions of sharing a c____ i____ with other pilgrims
b) being able to e____ one’s social identity
- social identification
- Frequency
a) common identity
b) enact
Alnabulsi et al. (2019) found that perceived c____ among pilgrims indirectly predicted more positive o____ a____ via i____ with the c____
cooperation, outgroup attitudes, identification, crowd
Two caveats with transformations and mass gatherings health:
1. Positive effects such as support aren’t found in e____ crowd (e.g. not shopping crowds)
2. High levels of t____ and enjoying p____ are also strongly associated with risk of spreading i____ d____
- every
- trust, proximity, infectious diseases
Alnabulsi et al. (2019) found:
1. In line with contact theory, p____ c____ among pilgrims i____ predicted more positive o____ a____ via i____ with the c____.
2. In line with social identity and identity conference explanations, p____ e____ e____ and the perception that the c____ embodied the Muslim value of u____ predicted enhanced Muslim i____ through i____ with the c____
- perceived cooperation, indirectly, outgroup attitudes, identification, crowd
- positive emotional experience, crowd, unity, identification, crowd
