16. Collective Action 2 Flashcards
Discourses, practices, or policies that l____ i____ or d____ in society constitute a barrier to experiencing perceived injustice
legitimise inequalities, disadvantages
The Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) states that people are m____ to feel g____/p____ about their identities. A group member who identifies strongly with the in-group should be m____ to p____ d____ the in-group from outgrips on dimensions v____ by the perceiver
motivated
good/positive
motivated, positively distinguish, valued
The Social Identity Theory states that groups v____ in their social s____/p____/p____. Some have high s____/p____/p____ while others have low s____/p____/p____
vary
status/power/prestige
Social c____ is an Identity management strategy where group members engage in c____ designed to change the status quo through c____ e____. Unlike individual mobility and social creativity, social c____ aims to improve the outcomes of the e____ g____ by changing the c____ of the group
competition, conflict, collective effort
creativity, entire group, conditions
Individual m____ is an Identity management strategy where group members can e____, a____ or d____ belonging to a disadvantaged (devalued) group and seek to b____ or p____ as members of the advantaged group. Individual m____ only addresses the status of the i____ but does not change the social status of the whole ingroup
mobility, escape, avoid, deny, become, pass, mobility, individual
Social c____ is an Identity management strategy where group members r____ the intergroup c____ by representing the in-group in p____ rather than n____ ways
creativity, redefine, comparison, positive, negative
C____ b____ (within social creativity) is where people c____ in-group on a dimension on which the in-group is s____
Compensating bias, compare, superior
Engaging in a d____ c____, within social creativity, is where people c____ in-group with a l____ s____ outgroup
downward comparison (comparative frame)
compare, lower status
Re-evaluating the v____, m____ or a____ of the c____ d____, within social creativity, is where people d____, or r____, the i____ of the negative attribute your ingroup is compared on
value, meaning, attribute, comparison dimension, downplay, reject, importance
Social creativity may benefit p____ w____, but it does not improve the p____ of the in-group as a whole within the e____ s____ (no s____ c____ in conditions of the group)
psychological wellbeing, position, existing system, structural change
Becker (2012) study 1a:
Compensation bias (choice of comparison dimension) in the context of economic inequality
N = 63 (community sample in Germany of mixed-gender, identified as middle-class)
Sample approached by students in public places
Read a text about an increase in social inequality in Germany and upcoming cuts in the social and health system that would affect the middle class but not the wealthy upper class.
Two conditions (random assignment):
Experimental condition: participants asked to compare people like them to the richest 10% of the population on the attribute of warmth.
Control group: no comparison
1. DV = c____ a____ t____ against social cuts
2. Results = pts showed l____ i____ in collective action for social justice after comparing their group with the richest 10% of the population on w____
- collective action tendencies
- less interest, warmth
Becker (2012) srudy 1b:
Compensation bias in the context of gender inequality
N = 58 women (community sample in Germany) (majority were employed)
Sample approached by students in public places
Read a text that there have been “big changes in terms of gender equality during the last decades. Although women have been quite successful, there are distinct areas in which they are still disadvantaged. For instance, women only receive 78% of the salary men earn and have poorer chances of promotion in terms of positions that are linked to power (leadership positions, parliaments).”
Two conditions (random assignment):
Experimental condition: participants asked to compare women with men on the attribute of warmth (e.g., warm, unselfish)
Control
1. DV = c____ a____ t____ to protest against women’s disadvantages
2. Results = women showed l____ i____ in collective action against gender inequality after comparing women to men on w____
- collective action tendencies
- less interest, warmth
Becker (2012) study 1c:
Downward comparison (choice of comparative frame) in the context of economic inequality
N = 74 unemployed persons of mixed gender (community sample in Germany)
Sample approached at the local job centre
Identified as Germans
Three conditions (random assignment)
Downward comparison
Upward comparison
Control
1. DV = l____ of e____ in c____ a____ to protest the situation of unemployed Germans.
2. Results =
- Unemployed in downward comparison were l____ i____ collective action against unemployment compared to control.
- Unemployed in upward comparison condition were m____ i____ in collective action against unemployment compared to control.
- likelihood, engaging, collective action
- less interested, more interested
Becker (2012) study 1d:
Downward comparison in the context of gender inequality
N = 126 women (study among online users in Germany), half were employed
Three conditions (random assignment)
Downward comparison
Upward comparison
Control
Downward comparison condition:
Women asked to compare the job situation of women today to women’s job situation 50 years ago
Upward comparison condition:
Women compare the job situation of men to women today.
Control
1. Results =
- Women comparing their situation with women 50 years ago showed r____ i____ in collective action compared to control
- Women comparing their situation with men showed g____ i____ collective action compared to control
- reduced interest, greater interest
Becker (2012) study 1e tested the hypothesis that p____ r____ of those in-group identity characteristics on which lower status is b____ won’t u____ collective action intentions
positive redefinition, based, undermine
Becker (2012) study 1e:
Redefining a negatively defined identity attribute in the context of immigration
N = 63 immigrants
Sample approached by students in public places in Germany
“opponents of multicultural society argue that foreigners are different from Germans. Therefore they support a freeze on immigration to Germany…”
Two conditions (random assignment):
Experimental condition: ”it is important that immigrants are different from Germans, because variety and diversity are important for a society’
Control: “Proponents argue that it’s important to have immigrants in Germany’
1. Results = as predicted, n____ d____ between experimental and control conditions in extent to which immigrant participants had collective action intentions
- no difference
Becker (2012) studies 2 and 3 showed that an important m____ of Compensatory choice of comparison dimension & Downward comparison is r____ d____
mediator
relative deprivation
The patriarchy is men’s s____ c____ over e____, l____ and p____ institutions
structural control, economic, legal, political
The Ambivalent Sexism Theory states that in order to maintain male dominance in society it is necessary to:
1. P____ women who c____ m____ d____
2. R____ and i____ women who adopt t____ g____ r____ and s____ to m____ d____
- punish, challenge male dominance
- reward, idolise, traditional gender roles, submit, male dominance
Ambivalent sexism theory proposes that there are two kinds of sexism:
1. H____ sexism
2. B____ sexism
- hostile
- benevolent
Hostile sexism is defined as f____ of hostility towards w____, n____ a____ toward w____
feelings, women, negative attitudes, women
Benevolent sexism reflects p____ feelings toward w____, including a p____ o____ toward women
positive, women, prosocial orientation
Benevolent sexism is a p____ kind of prejudice. The same qualities of p____, s____ and f____ which are used to justify putting women on a p____ are used to justify why women are not c____ and should not have the same r____ as men
paternalistic, purity, sensitivity, fragility, pedestal, capable, rights
Relations between Hostile Sexism and Benevolent Sexism:
1. Both rooted in p____
2. Both e____ d____ between genders
3. The existence of the two s____ f____ of sexism has been demonstrated across v____ n____ spanning all five c____
4. H____ and b____ sexism correlate p____
- patriarchy
- exaggerate differences
- separate forms, various nations, continents
- hostile, benevolent, positively
Women tend to view benevolent sexism as less h____ than hostile sexism and they u____ the possibility that hostile and benevolent sexism can c____ in the same man. Sexism is hard to combat because it is m____ by seemingly p____ behaviours toward women which are harder to recognise than d____.
harmful, underestimate, co-exist
maintained, positive, discrimination
Becker and Wright (2011):
Objective: examine if exposure to benevolent vs hostile sexism affects collective action against sexism among women.
Participants: N = 99 women in a school for prospective schoolteachers.
Online experiment
Four conditions: Participants in each condition read statements (“from men”) that differed in content:
- benevolent sexism
- hostile sexism
- gender-neutral content (control)
- gender-unrelated content (control)
Told it was a memory study, remember those statements for a recognition task later on.
1. DV = c____ a____ t____ (__ items)
2. Mediator = g____-s____ s____ j____
- collective action tendencies, 10
- gender-specific system justification
Exposure to benevolent sexism can reduce collective action against sexism by increasing g____-s____-s____ j____
gender-specific-system justification
Institutional sexual stigma/heterosexism/ structural stigma = a set of o____ p____ that either do not r____ the interests of LQBTQ+ people or o____ subject this group to d____ and d____
organising principles, recognise, overtly, discrimination, denigration
Gorska et al. (2017) found that s____ s____ in the legal system s____ collective action among LGB individuals
sexual stigma, suppressed
Gorska et al. (2017) found that two mediators were:
1. I____ h____
2. I____ i____
- internalised homophobia
- in-group identification
Internalised homophobia is a____ of s____ anti-homosexual attitudes by g____, l____ and b____ individuals which leads to a n____ e____ they project on t____
acceptance, societal, gay, lesbian, bisexual, negative effect, themselves
Gorska et al. (2017) found that i____ s____ s____ can reduce collective action against heterosexism by reducing i____ i____
institutional sexual stigma, ingroup identification
S____ of feminists leads women to r____ a____ as feminists even if they b____ in the c____
Stigmatisation, reject association, believe, cause
Violent crowds:
1. Approach of government and leaders is: there is no problem with u____/s____ q____, the problem lies in the c____/p____ themseleves
2. Implication for policy: if crowds are as they are described, then their demands are i____ and should not be l___ to; crowds can only be dealt with by the use of f____
- us/status quo, crowds/public
- illegitimate, listened, force
