20. When Cultures Meet Flashcards
Modernisation involves e____ development/i____. It involves changes in e____-c____ framework and expects cultures to a____ to the new context. Inglehart & Baker (2000) predicted that modernisation could lead cultural beliefs and values to become more s____ and more r____
economic, industrialisation
eco-cultural
adapt
secular, rational
In the context of economic p____/s____, post-modernisation involved a shift from m____ to s____ economy. Inglehart & Baker (2000) predicted that cultural beliefs and values would become p____-m____, meaning there would be less focus on s____ and a greater focus on s____-e____.
prosperity/security
manufacturing, service
post-materialistic, survival, self-expression
The world values survey that had 7 waves from 1981 to present and involved representative national samples in >75 countries found:
1. T____ –> s____-r____ values
2. S____ –> s____-e____ values
- Traditional –> secular-rational values
God less important, lower respect for authority, lower national pride, abortion more accepted, childrearing more focused on independence and less focused on obedience and religion - Survival –> self-expression values
Self-expression and quality of life more important, economic and physical security less important, people report being happier, more people have signed or would sign a petition, homosexuality more accepted, people are seen as more trustworthy
Sources of intercultural contact in plural societies:
1. M____
2. S____
3. R____
4. T____
5. I____ people
- Migrants
- Sojourners
- Refugees
- Tourists
- Indigenous people
Sources of intercultural contact may be there for different reasons:
1. V____ vs f____
2. S____ vs m____
3. P____ vs t____
- Voluntary vs forced
- sedentary vs mobile
- permanent vs temporary
“Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into c____ f____-h____ c____ with subsequent c____ in the o____ culture p____ of e____ or b____ groups” Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936, cited in Berry, 1997, p. 7)
continuous first-hand contact
changes, original, patterns
either, both
Acculturation:
1. In practice, one group usually changes m____
2. “Acculturating group” vs “r____ s____”
3. M____ vs m____ (numerical or power/influence)
- more
- receiving society
- Minority vs majority
Adaptation processes as an effect of intercultural contact:
1. A____
2. B____
3. C____
- Affective
- Behavioural
- Cognitive
Intergroup relations as an effect of intercultural contact:
1. P____ d____
2. P____/h____
- power differentials
- peaceful/hostile
Acculturation strategies as an effect of intercultural contact:
1. C____ (or not) in p____, v____ and i____
- changes, practices, values, identifications
Cultural changes as an effect of intercultural contact:
1. B____ g____
2. Can lead to emergence of n____ c____
- both groups
- new cultures
Adaptation as an effect of intercultural contact is known as the ABCs of coping with “c____ s____”.
Affective means psychological w____-b____ vs a____, s____, d____
Behavioural means learning e____ social s____ for new cultural environment vs social d____ in everyday functioning.
Cognitive means b____, v____ and cultural i____.
culture shock
Affective (a.k.a. “psychological adaptation”) = Psychological well-being vs. anxiety, stress, depression
Behavioural (a.k.a. “sociocultural adaptation”) = Learning effective social skills for new cultural environment vs social difficulties in everyday functioning
Cognitive = Beliefs, values, and cultural identity
An outdated view of acculturation involved
1. S____ which lead to cultural m____
vs
2. A____ which lead to relationships with d____ group
3. Key question for minority members… is it considered to be of value to m____ c____ i____ and c____, or to m____ r____ with dominant group?
- separation, maintenance
- assimilation, dominant
- maintain cultural identity, characteristics, maintain relationships
Berry’s (1990, 1997) theoretical model distinguishes TWO key questions:
1. Is it considered to be of value to maintain c____ i____ and c____?
2. Is it considered to be of value to maintain r____ with other g____?
These are s____ questions
- cultural identity, characteristics
- relationships, groups
separate
In most samples surveyed when researching acculturation strategies:
1. Pts tended to prefer i____ to the other acculturation strategies
2. Pts who adopted i____ showed the best psychological a____/least s____
3. M____ is least adaptive
4. A____ and s____ show i____ and more v____ outcomes, depending on c____
- integration
- integration, adaptation, stress
- marginalisation
- assimilation, separation, intermediate, variable, context
Integration means living with m____ c____ i____
multiple cultural identities
Bicultural identity integration involves two aspects:
1. P____: h____ or c____?
2. S____: b____ or c____?
- Perceptions: harmony or conflict?
- Strategies: blending or compartmentalising?
Integration precits w____-b____, especially h____
well-being, harmony
Berry et al. (2006) distinguished between “settler societies” (e.g. Australia, Canada, USA) and “non-settler societies” (e.g., France, Germany, Sweden, UK). Some key results:
1. I____ more common in settler societies
2. S____ predicts psychological a____ better in non-settler societies
3. Also varies with culture of o____
- integration
- separation, adaptation
- origin
Four strategies of the dominant group:
1. M____ (integration) - needs p____ and v____
2. M____ p____ (assimilation) - also ‘p____ c____’
3. S____ (separation) - also ‘r____’
4. E____ (marginalisation) - extreme = e____
- multiculturalism, policy, values
- melting pot, pressure cooker
- segregation, rejection
- exclusion, ethnocide
The Self-categorisation theory (Turner et al., 1987) states that i____ context leads to c____ i____ and that culture is used to d____ s____.
intercultural, cultural identities, define self
The Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) strives for p____ c____ d____ and maintaining c____ c____ against t____ (t____ to majority and minority identities).
positive cultural distinctiveness
cultural continuity, threat
threats
Cultural majority members may feel threatened…
1. S____ threats to n____ identity - different cultures;tural practices could undermine d____ and/or c____ depending on how n____ identity defined
2. R____ threats to social d____ - perceived c____ or loss of p____
3. R____ minority members or identity e____ - intergroup h____, p____, d____ (a____ policies)
- symbolic, national, distinctiveness, continuity, national
- realistic, dominance, competition, privileges
- reject, expressions, hostility, prejudice, discrimination, assimilationist
Minority group identity processes:
1. Minority cultures r____ by majority
2. P____ f____ syndrome - a____ required but not possible
3. S____ assimilation - assimilation to a p____-e____ minority identity
4. R____ ethnicity - rejection –> i____ –> w____
- rejected
- perpetual foreigner, assimilation
- segmented, pan-ethnic
- Reactive, identification, wellbeing
Intercultural relations can occur on a g____ s____ - cultural contact no longer depends on g____. All cultural groups inhabit b____ g____ c____, leading to l____ and g____ cultural identities
global scale, geography, broader global context, local, global
Pressures to maintain cultural differences:
1. Loss of d____ would be loss of i____
2. Anti-g____ movements
3. T____ gaze values cultural ‘a____’
4. “W____” identity can also be d____
- distinctiveness, identity
- globalisation (e.g. anti-capitalism protesters, fundamentalists, national separatists)
- tourist, authenticity
- westernised, distinctive
It is increasingly problematic to treat nations as s____-c____ s____ systems due to:
1. International m____ (tourism and migration)
2. International mass c____
3. Changes in e____-c____ context
Yet cultural differences persist:
1. Development in p____
2. Maintaining cultural d____
self-contained sociocultural
1. mobility
2. communication
3. eco-cultural
1. parallel
2. distinctiveness
Cultures are c____, not types of p____
contexts, people
Cultural systems “e____” in response to s____ p____
evolve, socioecological pressures
