4. Communication & Perception Flashcards
An Interpersonal gap is a gap between what the s____ i____ to c____ and what the l____ p____
Sender intends, communicate
Listener perceives
Within an interpersonal gap, the sender’s intention is what the sender wishes to c____. They have p____ k____ on what this is which they e____ into verbal and non-verbal actions that are p____ and o____. This process has potential i____ including the sender’s m____, s____ s____ and d____ in the e____.
convey
private knowledge
encode
public, observable
interference, mood, social skills, distractions, environment
Within an interpersonal gap, the receiver must d____ the speaker’s a____ which encounters p____ i____. The i____ of the information is p____.
decode
actions
potential interference
interpretation
private
Communication is m____: people can only say o____ w____ at a time, yet they can send n____ c____
multimodal
one word
numerous cues
When there is d____ between verbal and non-verbal communication, the t____ in one’s words usually lies in their n____-v____ communication
discrepancy
truth
non-verbal
Non-verbal communication includes e____ and g____, b____ movements, p____ and interpersonal d____.
eyes, gazing
body movemengts
paralanguage (e.g. pitch, volume)
Interpersonal distance
Facial expressions can do many different things including:
1. I____
2. M____
3. N____
4. M____
Intensify (amplify), so that we appear to be experiencing stronger feelings than we really are.
Minimize (suppress)
Neutralize (hide/withhold from showing true emotions all together)
Mask: show different emotion
Facial expressions are hard to c____, the t____ often l____ out. This is called m____ (a____ f____ of our r____ emotions)
control
truth, leaks
micro expressions
authentic flashes, real
verbal communication is a v____ part of communication and is extensively involved in d____ c____
vital
developing closeness
An experiment into self-disclosure showed that revealing p____ i____ to someone else g____ c____
personal information
generates closeness
Research into self-disclosure has shown that we tend to like people who disclose p____ i____ to us. We also like people more after w____ h____ d____.
personal information
we have disclosed
In Aron’s “fast-friends procedure”, pts in c____ g____ task felt closer than those engaging in s____-t____ or u____ g____-a____ task
closeness generation
small-talk
unstructured getting-acquainted
Disclosure can be “t____ m____ t____ s____” - partners are better off being p____ and taking it in t____ to disclose
too much too soon
patient
turns
Closeness develops based on:
1. M____ d____
2. Other responds with i____ and e____
3. Other p____ as r____
- Meaningful disclosure
- interest and empathy
- perceived as responsive
Responsiveness can be defined as a____ and s____ r____ of one person’s n____ and i____ by another
attentive and supportive recognition
needs and interests
Perceived partner responsiveness includes aspects like feeling u____, v____, r____, v____ and c____ for
understood, valued, respected, validated, cared for
Partner responsiveness is the basis of s____, w____-f____ and h____ s____ relationships
secure, well-functioning, highly satisfying
Research has concluded that we are “m____” accurate at perceiving other people, with an average correlation of .__ between what one person reports and another observes. This leaves a lot of r____ for i____.
moderately
.32
room for interpretation
Positive illusions mean seeing through r____-c____ g____
rose-coloured glasses
Attributions mean e____ we use to u____ each other’s b____
explanations
understand
behaviour
Attributions can be i____ or e____
Internal (cause is due to the person)
External (cause is due to something else)
S____ influences attributions of partners’ behaviour.
S____ people make internal attributions for partners’ good behaviour, external for partners’ bad behaviour. U____ people make external attributions for partners’ good behaviour, internal for partners’ bad behaviour.
Satisfaction
Satisfied
Unsatisfied
Attributions also affect s____. People who make internal attributions for partners’ good behaviour, external attributions for partners’ bad behaviour become h____ (r____ e____).
People who make external attributions for partners’ good behaviour, internal attributions for partners’ bad behaviour become more u____ (d____ m____).
satisfaction
happier
(relationship enhancing)
unhappy
(distress maintaining)
Positive illusions involves e____ partner’s p____ qualities and m____ f____
emphasising
positive
minimising faults
We judge partners more f____ than they judge themselves
favourably
Advantages of positive illusions include:
1. Related to increased r____ s____ and s____
2. Give b____ of the d____
3. M____ c____
4. Partner feels g____ and m____ s____
- relationship satisfaction and stability
- benefit of the doubt
- minimise conflict
- good and more secure
Positive illusions may lead to our partners f____ p____: they may “l____ u____” to our i____ i____ of them
Partners fulfilling prophecy
live up
idealised image
(over time come to see self more positively (Murry & Holmes) and actually change to live up to our idealized image)
Positive illusions being beneficial depends on how u____ the illusions are. M____ illusions smooth s____ i____, m____ illusions m____ problems. Partner’s may feel p____ to live up to ideals
unrealistic
minor, social interactions
major, minimise
pressure
Positive illusions are more beneficial than self-verification when relationships are n____
new
Self-verification is more beneficial than positive illusions in l____ t____ relationships so we feel u____. Also when it is related to aspects of s____-c____ that are very i____
longer term
understood
self-concept
important
Beliefs are i____ or t____ about what the w____ is like
ideas, theories, world
Destiny beliefs = people are either c____ or they are not
compatible
Growth beliefs = relationship c____ can be o____
challenges, overcome
People with destiny beliefs are i____ h____ with their relationships, but when faced with c____, satisfaction d____. They are especially s____ to signs that their relationship is “n___ m____ t____ b____”. They d____ from the relationship when there is a p____.
initially happier
conflict, declines
sensitive
not meant to be
disengage, problem
People with growth beliefs are c____, o____ and c____ in the fact of c____. They have fewer o____-n____ s____ and date partners for a l____ p____ of t____. They try to m____ the relationship when there is a p____.
constructive, optimistic, committed, conflicts
one-night stands
longer period of time
maintain, problem
We expect others to read our minds, but we don’t realise how bad we can be at reading other peoples minds. Studies on romantic partners and college roommates showed that as relationships p____, a____ did not increased, but o____ did
progressed
accuracy
overconfidence
Egocentric simulations (p____) refers to the fact how we interpret others is mostly driven by how we ourselves would t____, f____ and b____. (What would m____ us, how we would f____ in a situation and how we would r____)
projection
think, feel, behave
motivate, feel, react
The gap in “Solving the (real) other minds problem” can be narrowed with t____, e____ and p____ t____ as well as a____ trying to e____ information d____ and c____ oneself at a higher level of a____. However, t____-d____ influences still b____ what we see/interpret
time, effort, perspective taking
actively, encode, differently
Construe oneself at higher level of abstraction (see ourselves as we see others)
top-down
bias
