9. Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards
bas/o
alkaline, basic
thromb/o
clotting
agglutin/o
clumping
phag/o
eat, swallow
fibr/o
fiber
fibrin/o
fibrin
sider/o
iron
lymph/o, lymphat/o
lymph
neutr/o
neutral
nucle/o
nucleus
plasm/o
plasma
erythr/o
red
eosin/o
rosy, acidic
immun/o
safety, protection
ser/o
serum
morph/o
shape
granul/o
small grain
leuk/o
white
pro-
before, in front of
-gen
producing, produced by
-lysis
breakdown
destruction
freeing from adhesions
-phil
like
love
attract
-stasis
stopping
controlling
axill/o
armpit
inguin/o
groin
lymphaden/o
lymph node
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
mediastin/o
mediastinum
cervic/o
neck
interstit/o
space between
splen/o
spleen
organ that filters, stores, and produces blood cells
thym/o
thymus
tonsill/o
tonsil
phag/o
eat
pyr/o
fever
flamm/o
flame
humor/o
liquid
inter-
between
-kine
movement
acute posthemorrhagic anemia
RBC deficiency caused by blood loss
anemia
abnormally low number of erythrocytes and consequently, low hemoglobin in the blood
appears to be the result of low RBC production
AKA eryhrocytopenia or erythropenia
B12 deficiency
insufficient blood levels of cobalamin, also called vitamin B12, which is essential for red blood cell maturation
may be caused by inadequate dietary intake, as in some extreme vegetarian diets, or from absence of intrinsic factor (substance in the GI system essential to vitamin B12 absorption)
chronic blood loss
long-term internal bleeding
constitutes a type of anemia
folate deficiency
anemia as a result of a lack of folate from dietary, drug-induced, congenital, or other causes
hypovolemia
deficient volume of circulating blood
iron deficiency anemia
condition of having reduced numbers of RBCs because of chronic blood loss, inadequate iron intake, or unspecified causes
sideropenia
sih dur oh PEE nee ah
a type of iron deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
aplastic anemia
suppression of bone marrow function leading to a reduction of RBC production
although causes of this often fatal type of anemia may be hepatitis, radiation, or cytotoxic agents, most causes are idiopathic
AKA hypoplastic anemia
autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia
hee moh LIH tic
anemia caused by the body’s destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies
nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia
anemia that may be drug induced or caused by an infectious disease
pancytopenia
deficiency of all blood cells caused by dysfunctional stem cells
sickle cell anemia
inherited anemia characterized by crescent-shaped RBCs
this abnormality in morphology causes RBCs to block small-diameter capillaries, thereby decreasing the oxygen supply to the cells
thalassemias
thal ah SEE mee ahz
group of inherited disorders of people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent, in which the anemia is the result of a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin, resulting in the decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs
hemophilia
group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of the blood
polycythemia vera
chronic increase in the number of RBCs and the concentration of hemoglobin
“Vera” signifies that this is not a sequela of another condition
purpura
PURR purr ah
bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets causing an inability of the blood to clot
the most common cause of bleeding disorders
leukocytosis
abnormal increase in WBCs
ex: eosinophilia, neutrophilia
abnormal increases in the number of each type of agranulocyte is lymphocytosis or monocytosis
leukopenia
abnormal decrease in WBCs
ex: neutropenia, eosinopenia, monocytopenia, lymphocytopenia
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues
hypersplenism
hye purr SPLEE niz um
increased function of the spleen, resulting in hemolysis
lymphadenitis
lim fad uh NYE tis
inflammation of a lymph node
lymphadenopathy
lim fad uh NOP puh thee
localized or generalized disease of the lymph nodes or vessels
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
lymphedema
lim fuh DEE muh
accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels
lymphocytopenia
lim foh syte toh PEE nee ah
deficiency of lymphocytes secondary to mononucleosis, malignancy, nutritional deficiency, or a hematologic disorder
mononucleosis
increased number of mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
can result in splenomegaly (SPLEE noh meg ah lee)
acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and transmitted through body fluids via sexual contact or intravenous exposure. HIV attacks the helper T cells, which diminishes the immune response
allergy
immune system’s overreaction to irritants that are perceived as antigens
AKA hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis
extreme form of allergic response in which the patient suffers severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways
autoimmunity
condition in which a person’s T cells attack his/her own cells, causing extensive tissue damage and organ dysfunction
ex of autoimmune diseases:
myasthenia gravis
rheumatoid arthritis,
systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple sclerosis
delayed-reaction allergy
immune system hypersensitivity caused by activated T cells that respond to an exposure of the skin to a chemical irritant up to 2 days later. Examples are poison ivy and nickel. The resulting rash is called contact dermatitis
immediate-reaction allergy
hypersensitivity of the immune system caused by IgE
ex: insect bites, tree or grass pollens
thymoma
only benign tumor of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems
of epithelial origin often associated with myasthenia gravis
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes
most common type of leukemia for individuals under the age of 19
AKA lymphoblastic leukemia
acute mylenogenous leukemia (AML)
mye eh LAHJ uh nus
rapidly progressive form of leukemia from proliferation of immature bone marrow stem cells
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature lymphocytes (predominantly B cells) proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs
occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature bone marrow cells proliferate
like CLL, it occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children
Hodgkin lymphoma
cancer diagnosed by the detection of a type of cell specific only to this disorder: Reed-Sternberg cells
AKA Hodgkin disease
multiple myeloma
rare malignancy of the plasma cells formed from B lymphocytes
called “multiple” myeloma because the tumors are found in many bones
if it occurs in only one bone, the tumor is referred to as a plasmacytoma
AKA plasma cell dyscrasia or myelomatosis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
collection of all other lymphatic cancers except for Hodgkin lymphomas
more numerous of the two lymphomas
6th most common type of cancer in the US
thymoma, malignant
rare malignancy of the thymus gland is particularly invasive and unlike its benign form, is not associated with autoimmune disorders
AKA thymic carcinoma
AIDS tests-ELISA, Western blot
tests to detect the presence of HIV types 1 and 2
allergy testing
series of tests involving a patch, scratch, or intradermal injection of an attenuated amount of an allergen to test for hypersensitivity
blood cultures
blood samples submitted to propagate microorganisms that may be present
cultures may be indicated for bacteremia or septicemia, or to discover other pathogens (fungi, viruses, or parasites)
complete blood count (CBC)
12 tests, including RBC (red blood cell count), WBC (white blood cell count), Hgb (hemoglobin), Hct/PCV (hematocrit/packed cell volume), and diff (WBC differential)
Coombs’ antiglobulin test
blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), acquired hemolytic anemia, or a transfusion reaction
diff count
WBC count differential
measures the numbers of different types of WBCs
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
easurement of time for mature RBCs to settle out of a blood sample after an anticoagulant is added
an increased ESR indicates inflammation
hematocrit
packed cell volume (PCV)
measure of the percentage of RBCs in the blood
hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
iron-containing pigment of RBC
consists of heme (pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule) and globin (protein chain)
responsible for combining with gases, aiding in pH maintenance, and giving blood its red appearance
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
test to measure the average weight of hemoglobin per RBC to help diagnose the presence of anemia
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
test to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs
useful for measuring a patient’s response to treatment for anemia
monospot
test for infectious mononucleosis
partial thromboplastin time
test of blood plasma that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway of the intrinsic system
used to detect hemophilias
prothrombin time (PT)
time required to form blood clots
used to determine the cause of unexplained bleeding, to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin or with vitamin K deficiency, and to assess the ability of the liver to synthesize blood-clotting proteins
Schilling test
uses radioactively tagged vitamin B12 to diagnose pernicious anemia
white blood cell count (WBC)
`measurement of the number of leukocytes in the blood
an increase may indicate the presence of an infection
a decrease may be caused by radiation or chemotherapy
bone marrow biopsy
removal of bone marrow to be examined for disease
biopsy of lymphatic structures
removal of the lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue to be examined for disease
lymphadenography
radiographic visualization of the lymph gland after injection of a radiopaque substance
AKA lymphography
lymphangiography
lim fan jee AH gruh fee
radiographic visualization of a part of the lymphatic system after injection with a radiopaque substance
splenic arteriography
SPLEH nik
radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium
apheresis
aff ur EE sis
temporary removal of blood from a donor, in which one or more components are removed, and the rest of the blood is reinfused into the donor
examples:
leukapheresis- removal of WBCs
plasmapheresis-removal of plasma
plateletpheresis-removal of thrombocytes
autologous bone transplant
harvesting of patient’s own healthy bone marrow before treatment for reintroduction later
autologous transfusion
process in which the donor’s own blood is removed and stored in anticipation of a future need
autotransfusion
process in which the donor is transfused with his/her own blood, after anticoagulation and filtration, from an active bleeding site in cases of major surgery or trauma
blood transfusion
intravenous transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient, giving either whole blood or its components
homologous bone marrow transplant (BMT)
transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a donor to a recipient to stimulate formation of new blood cells
adenoidectomy
ad eh noyd ECK tuh mee
removal of the adenoids
AKA pharyngeal tonsils (FUH rin jee uhl)
lymphadenectomy
lim fad uh NECK tuh mee
removal of a lymph node
splenectomy
spleh NECK tuh mee
removal of the spleen
ANA
antinuclear antibody
baso
basophils
BMT
bone marrow transplant
EBL
estimated blood loss
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
eosins
eosinophils
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Hct
hematocrit, packed-cell volume
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hgb
hemoglobin
Ig
immunoglobulin
lymphs
lymphocytes
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
neut
neutrophils
NK
natural killer cells
PCV
packed cell volume, hematocrit
plats
platelets, thrombocytes
PMNs, polys
polymorphonucleocytes
PT
prothrombin time
test that measures the amount of time taken for clot formation
PTT
partial thromboplastic time
test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system that is used to detect hemophilia
Rh
Rhesus
plasma
clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood
accounts for 55% of the blood’s total volume
composed of 90% water, but also contains Ca, Na, glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, and hormones
also picks up wastes and gases at certain times as well
fibrinogen
a plasma clotting protein
prothrombin
a plasma clotting protein
serum
plasma minus clotting proteins
thrombocytes
platelets (plats)
small, irregular cells that are formed when large cells within the bone marrow (megakaryocytes) fragment
primary function is to aggultinate, or clump together, at an injury site to aid in clotting
first they release factor X, which reacts with the blood protein prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin, which eventually forms a meshlike fibrin clot, achieving hemostasis
coagulation
formation of a blood clot
process of changing a liquid into a solid
erythrocytes
RBCs
pliable disks that are concave on both sides
perform the critical task of carrying respiratory gases (O2 & CO2) to and from cells
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production
hemolysis
heem OLL ih sis
the breakdown of the erythrocyte membrane, causing the release of hemoglobin
hemosiderin
iron pigment resulting from the products of hemolysis
granulocytes
type of WBC that have tiny grains present in their cytoplasm
these share a common property of multilobed nuclei (polymorphonucleocyte)
ex: basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
agranulocytes
type of WBC without the presence of tiny grains
ex: lymphocytes, monocytes
eosinophils
attracts a rosy-colored, acidic dye
(eosin/o = rosy)
basophils
leukocytes responsible for producing histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)
active against parasitic infections
attract an alkaline/basic dye and are colored blue
neutrophils
most numerous type of granulocyte (about half to 3/4 of all WBCs)
body’s main defense against bacterial infection
1st type of leukocyte to arrive on the scene of the injury where they act as strong phagocytes specializing in phagocytosis
attract a neutral dye and stain lavender
lymphocytes
type of agranulocyte
T cells and B cells
keys to the body’s immune response, either by directly attacking antigens or by producing the neutralizers called antibodies
monocyte
type of agranulocyte
when it leaves the circulation and enters the body’s tissues, becomes the special phagocytic cell known as a macrophage, which destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells
macrophage
mack roh fayjzh
mononuclear phagocytic cells found in tissues, arising from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells
immunoglobulins
antibodies that nullify or neutralize antigens
agglutinogens
antigens in blood that cause the blood to clot
agglutinins
corresponding antibodies against agglutinogens
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Rh antibodies destroy fetal blood cells and cause anemia
can be prevented by administering a drug called RhoGAM during pregnancy and immediately after delivery - prevents Rh-negative mother from forming anti-Rh antibodies to the baby’s Rh-positive blood and works by attaching to any fetal RBCs that cross into the maternal circulation, causing them to be removed from the mother’s system before she can become sensitized
AKA erythroblastosis fetalis
lymph
extracellular fluid resembling blood plasma in composition but containing less protein
fills the spaces between most body cells and constitutes a large portion of the liquid environment of the body
AKA interstitial fluid
lymph nodes
one of many small oval structures in which monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells are formed
most are clustered in areas such as the neck, axilla, and groin, serve to filter the lymph and fight infection
thymus gland
a single gland located in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower border of the thyroid gland and inferiorly as far as the fourth rib cartilage
primary central gland of the lymphatic system
instrumental in the development of T lymphocytes
tonsils
two paired almond-shaped masses situated between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, one on each side of the oropharynx. The tonsil is made up primarily of lymphoid tissue, is covered with mucous membrane, and contains numerous lymph follicles and various crypts
adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
lymphatic system
main functions are:
cleanse the cellular environment
return proteins and tissue fluids to the blood
provide a pathway for the absorption of fats in the blodostream
defend the body against disease
thoracic duct
the vessel trunk that drains the majority of lymph in the body
lymph drainage pathway
interstitial spaces → lymphatic vessels → lymph glands → right lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) → subclavian veins in the neck
immune response
B cell
lymphocyte that transforms into a plasma cell to secrete lymphokines
does not attack pathogens directly but use a process of humoral immunity (AKA antibody-mediated immunity) by secreting antibodies (immunoglobulins) to “poison” their enemies
when B cells recognize a specific antigen, some of them become antibody-producing plasma cells, which then react with the antigens to transform them into harmless substances or cause them to be more easily disposed of by phagocytes
T cell
lymphocyte formed in the thymus gland that acts directly on antigens (cell-mediated immunity) to destroy them or produce chemicals such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens
secretes lymphokines
monokines
secreted by monocytes and macrophages
cytokines
chemical messengers secreted by immune system tissues that direct immune cellular interactions
interleukin
special type of cytokine that sends messages b/w leukocytes to direct their protective actions
pyrexia
fever, which protects by increasing the action of phagocytes and decreasing the viability of some pathogens
interferons
a naturally occurring species-specific glycoprotein formed when cells are exposed to a virus
IFN induces the production of translation inhibitory protein (TIP) in noninfected cells, performs immunoregulatory functions, and inhibits the growth of nonviral intracellular parasites
complement proteins
functionally related system of at least 20 distinct serum proteins, their cellular receptors, and related regulatory proteins
involved not only in immune cytolysis but also in other biologic functions, including phagocytosis, anaphylaxis, opsonization, and hemolysis
natural killer (NK) cells
lymphocytes that act nonspecifically against cells that have been infected by certain viruses or cancer
2nd line of defense
phagocytosis, inflammation, and pyrexia
1st line of defense
protection strategies that are
mechanical - skin/mucus
physical - coughing, sneezing, vomiting
chemical - tears, saliva, perspiration
3rd line of defense
specific immunity
can either by genetic (inherited) or acquired
depends on the body’s ability to identify a pathogen and prepare a specific antibody for that antigen alone
depends on agranulocytes (monocytes & lymphocytes)
active acquired immunity
natural: development of memory cells to protect the individual from a 2nd exposure
artificial: vaccinations/immunizations
passive acquired immunity
natural: passage of antibodies via the placenta or breastmilk
artificial: through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins
dyscrasia
disorders of the blood or bone marrow
lymphocytosis
increase in lymphocytes
leukopenia
deficiency in the number of WBCs
thymic carcinoma
malignant thymoma
not associated with autoimmune disorders
leukemia
general term that refers to a variety of malignant WBC diseases that manifest with the increase of immature WBCs at the expense of normal blood cells
leukemia cellsmay then leave the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and infilatrate the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other parts of the body
-cytosis
abnormal increase of cells
-philia
tendency
leukapheresis
temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of WBCs before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor
plasmapheresis
temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of plasma before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor
plateletpheresis
temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of thrombocytes before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor
hypersensitivity reaction
an exaggerated `or excessive immune response
allergen
sensitizing agent that produces allergic reaction
