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Medical Terminology > 9. Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System > Flashcards

9. Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bas/o

A

alkaline, basic

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2
Q

thromb/o

A

clotting

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3
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping

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4
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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5
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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6
Q

fibrin/o

A

fibrin

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7
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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8
Q

lymph/o, lymphat/o

A

lymph

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9
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

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10
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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11
Q

plasm/o

A

plasma

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12
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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13
Q

eosin/o

A

rosy, acidic

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14
Q

immun/o

A

safety, protection

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15
Q

ser/o

A

serum

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16
Q

morph/o

A

shape

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17
Q

granul/o

A

small grain

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18
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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19
Q

pro-

A

before, in front of

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20
Q

-gen

A

producing, produced by

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21
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown

destruction

freeing from adhesions

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22
Q

-phil

A

like

love

attract

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23
Q

-stasis

A

stopping

controlling

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24
Q

axill/o

A

armpit

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25
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

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26
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

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27
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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28
Q

mediastin/o

A

mediastinum

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29
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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30
Q

interstit/o

A

space between

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31
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

organ that filters, stores, and produces blood cells

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32
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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33
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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34
Q

phag/o

A

eat

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35
Q

pyr/o

A

fever

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36
Q

flamm/o

A

flame

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37
Q

humor/o

A

liquid

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38
Q

inter-

A

between

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39
Q

-kine

A

movement

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40
Q

acute posthemorrhagic anemia

A

RBC deficiency caused by blood loss

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41
Q

anemia

A

abnormally low number of erythrocytes and consequently, low hemoglobin in the blood

appears to be the result of low RBC production

AKA eryhrocytopenia or erythropenia

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42
Q

B12 deficiency

A

insufficient blood levels of cobalamin, also called vitamin B12, which is essential for red blood cell maturation

may be caused by inadequate dietary intake, as in some extreme vegetarian diets, or from absence of intrinsic factor (substance in the GI system essential to vitamin B12 absorption)

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43
Q

chronic blood loss

A

long-term internal bleeding

constitutes a type of anemia

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44
Q

folate deficiency

A

anemia as a result of a lack of folate from dietary, drug-induced, congenital, or other causes

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45
Q

hypovolemia

A

deficient volume of circulating blood

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46
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

condition of having reduced numbers of RBCs because of chronic blood loss, inadequate iron intake, or unspecified causes

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47
Q

sideropenia

sih dur oh PEE nee ah

A

a type of iron deficiency anemia

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48
Q

pernicious anemia

A

progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12

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49
Q

aplastic anemia

A

suppression of bone marrow function leading to a reduction of RBC production

although causes of this often fatal type of anemia may be hepatitis, radiation, or cytotoxic agents, most causes are idiopathic

AKA hypoplastic anemia

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50
Q

autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia

hee moh LIH tic

A

anemia caused by the body’s destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies

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51
Q

nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia

A

anemia that may be drug induced or caused by an infectious disease

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52
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all blood cells caused by dysfunctional stem cells

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53
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

inherited anemia characterized by crescent-shaped RBCs

this abnormality in morphology causes RBCs to block small-diameter capillaries, thereby decreasing the oxygen supply to the cells

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54
Q

thalassemias

thal ah SEE mee ahz

A

group of inherited disorders of people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent, in which the anemia is the result of a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin, resulting in the decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs

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55
Q

hemophilia

A

group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of the blood

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56
Q

polycythemia vera

A

chronic increase in the number of RBCs and the concentration of hemoglobin

“Vera” signifies that this is not a sequela of another condition

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57
Q

purpura

PURR purr ah

A

bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues

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58
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of platelets causing an inability of the blood to clot

the most common cause of bleeding disorders

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59
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormal increase in WBCs

ex: eosinophilia, neutrophilia

abnormal increases in the number of each type of agranulocyte is lymphocytosis or monocytosis

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60
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormal decrease in WBCs

ex: neutropenia, eosinopenia, monocytopenia, lymphocytopenia

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61
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues

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62
Q

hypersplenism

hye purr SPLEE niz um

A

increased function of the spleen, resulting in hemolysis

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63
Q

lymphadenitis

lim fad uh NYE tis

A

inflammation of a lymph node

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64
Q

lymphadenopathy

lim fad uh NOP puh thee

A

localized or generalized disease of the lymph nodes or vessels

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65
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation of lymph vessels

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66
Q

lymphedema

lim fuh DEE muh

A

accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels

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67
Q

lymphocytopenia

lim foh syte toh PEE nee ah

A

deficiency of lymphocytes secondary to mononucleosis, malignancy, nutritional deficiency, or a hematologic disorder

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68
Q

mononucleosis

A

increased number of mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

can result in splenomegaly (SPLEE noh meg ah lee)

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69
Q

acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and transmitted through body fluids via sexual contact or intravenous exposure. HIV attacks the helper T cells, which diminishes the immune response

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70
Q

allergy

A

immune system’s overreaction to irritants that are perceived as antigens

AKA hypersensitivity

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71
Q

anaphylaxis

A

extreme form of allergic response in which the patient suffers severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways

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72
Q

autoimmunity

A

condition in which a person’s T cells attack his/her own cells, causing extensive tissue damage and organ dysfunction

ex of autoimmune diseases:
myasthenia gravis
rheumatoid arthritis,
systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple sclerosis

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73
Q

delayed-reaction allergy

A

immune system hypersensitivity caused by activated T cells that respond to an exposure of the skin to a chemical irritant up to 2 days later. Examples are poison ivy and nickel. The resulting rash is called contact dermatitis

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74
Q

immediate-reaction allergy

A

hypersensitivity of the immune system caused by IgE

ex: insect bites, tree or grass pollens

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75
Q

thymoma

A

only benign tumor of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems

of epithelial origin often associated with myasthenia gravis

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76
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes

most common type of leukemia for individuals under the age of 19

AKA lymphoblastic leukemia

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77
Q

acute mylenogenous leukemia (AML)

mye eh LAHJ uh nus

A

rapidly progressive form of leukemia from proliferation of immature bone marrow stem cells

78
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature lymphocytes (predominantly B cells) proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs

occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children

79
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A

a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature bone marrow cells proliferate

like CLL, it occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children

80
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

cancer diagnosed by the detection of a type of cell specific only to this disorder: Reed-Sternberg cells

AKA Hodgkin disease

81
Q

multiple myeloma

A

rare malignancy of the plasma cells formed from B lymphocytes

called “multiple” myeloma because the tumors are found in many bones

if it occurs in only one bone, the tumor is referred to as a plasmacytoma

AKA plasma cell dyscrasia or myelomatosis

82
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

collection of all other lymphatic cancers except for Hodgkin lymphomas

more numerous of the two lymphomas

6th most common type of cancer in the US

83
Q

thymoma, malignant

A

rare malignancy of the thymus gland is particularly invasive and unlike its benign form, is not associated with autoimmune disorders

AKA thymic carcinoma

84
Q

AIDS tests-ELISA, Western blot

A

tests to detect the presence of HIV types 1 and 2

85
Q

allergy testing

A

series of tests involving a patch, scratch, or intradermal injection of an attenuated amount of an allergen to test for hypersensitivity

86
Q

blood cultures

A

blood samples submitted to propagate microorganisms that may be present

cultures may be indicated for bacteremia or septicemia, or to discover other pathogens (fungi, viruses, or parasites)

87
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

12 tests, including RBC (red blood cell count), WBC (white blood cell count), Hgb (hemoglobin), Hct/PCV (hematocrit/packed cell volume), and diff (WBC differential)

88
Q

Coombs’ antiglobulin test

A

blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), acquired hemolytic anemia, or a transfusion reaction

89
Q

diff count

A

WBC count differential

measures the numbers of different types of WBCs

90
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

easurement of time for mature RBCs to settle out of a blood sample after an anticoagulant is added

an increased ESR indicates inflammation

91
Q

hematocrit

packed cell volume (PCV)

A

measure of the percentage of RBCs in the blood

92
Q

hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)

A

iron-containing pigment of RBC

consists of heme (pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule) and globin (protein chain)

responsible for combining with gases, aiding in pH maintenance, and giving blood its red appearance

93
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

test to measure the average weight of hemoglobin per RBC to help diagnose the presence of anemia

94
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

test to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs

useful for measuring a patient’s response to treatment for anemia

95
Q

monospot

A

test for infectious mononucleosis

96
Q

partial thromboplastin time

A

test of blood plasma that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway of the intrinsic system

used to detect hemophilias

97
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

time required to form blood clots

used to determine the cause of unexplained bleeding, to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin or with vitamin K deficiency, and to assess the ability of the liver to synthesize blood-clotting proteins

98
Q

Schilling test

A

uses radioactively tagged vitamin B12 to diagnose pernicious anemia

99
Q

white blood cell count (WBC)

A

`measurement of the number of leukocytes in the blood

an increase may indicate the presence of an infection

a decrease may be caused by radiation or chemotherapy

100
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

removal of bone marrow to be examined for disease

101
Q

biopsy of lymphatic structures

A

removal of the lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue to be examined for disease

102
Q

lymphadenography

A

radiographic visualization of the lymph gland after injection of a radiopaque substance

AKA lymphography

103
Q

lymphangiography

lim fan jee AH gruh fee

A

radiographic visualization of a part of the lymphatic system after injection with a radiopaque substance

104
Q

splenic arteriography

SPLEH nik

A

radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium

105
Q

apheresis

aff ur EE sis

A

temporary removal of blood from a donor, in which one or more components are removed, and the rest of the blood is reinfused into the donor

examples:

leukapheresis- removal of WBCs

plasmapheresis-removal of plasma

plateletpheresis-removal of thrombocytes

106
Q

autologous bone transplant

A

harvesting of patient’s own healthy bone marrow before treatment for reintroduction later

107
Q

autologous transfusion

A

process in which the donor’s own blood is removed and stored in anticipation of a future need

108
Q

autotransfusion

A

process in which the donor is transfused with his/her own blood, after anticoagulation and filtration, from an active bleeding site in cases of major surgery or trauma

109
Q

blood transfusion

A

intravenous transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient, giving either whole blood or its components

110
Q

homologous bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a donor to a recipient to stimulate formation of new blood cells

111
Q

adenoidectomy

ad eh noyd ECK tuh mee

A

removal of the adenoids

AKA pharyngeal tonsils (FUH rin jee uhl)

112
Q

lymphadenectomy

lim fad uh NECK tuh mee

A

removal of a lymph node

113
Q

splenectomy

spleh NECK tuh mee

A

removal of the spleen

114
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

115
Q

baso

A

basophils

116
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

117
Q

EBL

A

estimated blood loss

118
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

119
Q

eosins

A

eosinophils

120
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

121
Q

Hct

A

hematocrit, packed-cell volume

122
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

123
Q

Hgb

A

hemoglobin

124
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

125
Q

lymphs

A

lymphocytes

126
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

127
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

128
Q

neut

A

neutrophils

129
Q

NK

A

natural killer cells

130
Q

PCV

A

packed cell volume, hematocrit

131
Q

plats

A

platelets, thrombocytes

132
Q

PMNs, polys

A

polymorphonucleocytes

133
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

test that measures the amount of time taken for clot formation

134
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastic time

test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system that is used to detect hemophilia

135
Q

Rh

A

Rhesus

136
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood

accounts for 55% of the blood’s total volume

composed of 90% water, but also contains Ca, Na, glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, and hormones

also picks up wastes and gases at certain times as well

137
Q

fibrinogen

A

a plasma clotting protein

138
Q

prothrombin

A

a plasma clotting protein

139
Q

serum

A

plasma minus clotting proteins

140
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets (plats)

small, irregular cells that are formed when large cells within the bone marrow (megakaryocytes) fragment

primary function is to aggultinate, or clump together, at an injury site to aid in clotting

first they release factor X, which reacts with the blood protein prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin, which eventually forms a meshlike fibrin clot, achieving hemostasis

141
Q

coagulation

A

formation of a blood clot

process of changing a liquid into a solid

142
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBCs

pliable disks that are concave on both sides

perform the critical task of carrying respiratory gases (O2 & CO2) to and from cells

143
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production

144
Q

hemolysis

heem OLL ih sis

A

the breakdown of the erythrocyte membrane, causing the release of hemoglobin

145
Q

hemosiderin

A

iron pigment resulting from the products of hemolysis

146
Q

granulocytes

A

type of WBC that have tiny grains present in their cytoplasm

these share a common property of multilobed nuclei (polymorphonucleocyte)

ex: basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

147
Q

agranulocytes

A

type of WBC without the presence of tiny grains

ex: lymphocytes, monocytes

148
Q

eosinophils

A

attracts a rosy-colored, acidic dye

(eosin/o = rosy)

149
Q

basophils

A

leukocytes responsible for producing histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)

active against parasitic infections

attract an alkaline/basic dye and are colored blue

150
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous type of granulocyte (about half to 3/4 of all WBCs)

body’s main defense against bacterial infection

1st type of leukocyte to arrive on the scene of the injury where they act as strong phagocytes specializing in phagocytosis

attract a neutral dye and stain lavender

151
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of agranulocyte

T cells and B cells

keys to the body’s immune response, either by directly attacking antigens or by producing the neutralizers called antibodies

152
Q

monocyte

A

type of agranulocyte

when it leaves the circulation and enters the body’s tissues, becomes the special phagocytic cell known as a macrophage, which destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells

153
Q

macrophage

mack roh fayjzh

A

mononuclear phagocytic cells found in tissues, arising from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells

154
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies that nullify or neutralize antigens

155
Q

agglutinogens

A

antigens in blood that cause the blood to clot

156
Q

agglutinins

A

corresponding antibodies against agglutinogens

157
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

Rh antibodies destroy fetal blood cells and cause anemia

can be prevented by administering a drug called RhoGAM during pregnancy and immediately after delivery - prevents Rh-negative mother from forming anti-Rh antibodies to the baby’s Rh-positive blood and works by attaching to any fetal RBCs that cross into the maternal circulation, causing them to be removed from the mother’s system before she can become sensitized

AKA erythroblastosis fetalis

158
Q

lymph

A

extracellular fluid resembling blood plasma in composition but containing less protein

fills the spaces between most body cells and constitutes a large portion of the liquid environment of the body

AKA interstitial fluid

159
Q

lymph nodes

A

one of many small oval structures in which monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells are formed

most are clustered in areas such as the neck, axilla, and groin, serve to filter the lymph and fight infection

160
Q

thymus gland

A

a single gland located in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower border of the thyroid gland and inferiorly as far as the fourth rib cartilage

primary central gland of the lymphatic system

instrumental in the development of T lymphocytes

161
Q

tonsils

A

two paired almond-shaped masses situated between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, one on each side of the oropharynx. The tonsil is made up primarily of lymphoid tissue, is covered with mucous membrane, and contains numerous lymph follicles and various crypts

162
Q

adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils

163
Q

lymphatic system

A

main functions are:

cleanse the cellular environment

return proteins and tissue fluids to the blood

provide a pathway for the absorption of fats in the blodostream

defend the body against disease

164
Q

thoracic duct

A

the vessel trunk that drains the majority of lymph in the body

165
Q

lymph drainage pathway

A

interstitial spaces → lymphatic vessels → lymph glands → right lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) → subclavian veins in the neck

166
Q

immune response

A
167
Q

B cell

A

lymphocyte that transforms into a plasma cell to secrete lymphokines

does not attack pathogens directly but use a process of humoral immunity (AKA antibody-mediated immunity) by secreting antibodies (immunoglobulins) to “poison” their enemies

when B cells recognize a specific antigen, some of them become antibody-producing plasma cells, which then react with the antigens to transform them into harmless substances or cause them to be more easily disposed of by phagocytes

168
Q

T cell

A

lymphocyte formed in the thymus gland that acts directly on antigens (cell-mediated immunity) to destroy them or produce chemicals such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

secretes lymphokines

169
Q

monokines

A

secreted by monocytes and macrophages

170
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers secreted by immune system tissues that direct immune cellular interactions

171
Q

interleukin

A

special type of cytokine that sends messages b/w leukocytes to direct their protective actions

172
Q

pyrexia

A

fever, which protects by increasing the action of phagocytes and decreasing the viability of some pathogens

173
Q

interferons

A

a naturally occurring species-specific glycoprotein formed when cells are exposed to a virus

IFN induces the production of translation inhibitory protein (TIP) in noninfected cells, performs immunoregulatory functions, and inhibits the growth of nonviral intracellular parasites

174
Q

complement proteins

A

functionally related system of at least 20 distinct serum proteins, their cellular receptors, and related regulatory proteins

involved not only in immune cytolysis but also in other biologic functions, including phagocytosis, anaphylaxis, opsonization, and hemolysis

175
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

lymphocytes that act nonspecifically against cells that have been infected by certain viruses or cancer

176
Q

2nd line of defense

A

phagocytosis, inflammation, and pyrexia

177
Q

1st line of defense

A

protection strategies that are

mechanical - skin/mucus

physical - coughing, sneezing, vomiting

chemical - tears, saliva, perspiration

178
Q

3rd line of defense

A

specific immunity

can either by genetic (inherited) or acquired

depends on the body’s ability to identify a pathogen and prepare a specific antibody for that antigen alone

depends on agranulocytes (monocytes & lymphocytes)

179
Q

active acquired immunity

A

natural: development of memory cells to protect the individual from a 2nd exposure
artificial: vaccinations/immunizations

180
Q

passive acquired immunity

A

natural: passage of antibodies via the placenta or breastmilk
artificial: through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins

181
Q

dyscrasia

A

disorders of the blood or bone marrow

182
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increase in lymphocytes

183
Q

leukopenia

A

deficiency in the number of WBCs

184
Q

thymic carcinoma

A

malignant thymoma

not associated with autoimmune disorders

185
Q

leukemia

A

general term that refers to a variety of malignant WBC diseases that manifest with the increase of immature WBCs at the expense of normal blood cells

leukemia cellsmay then leave the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and infilatrate the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other parts of the body

186
Q

-cytosis

A

abnormal increase of cells

187
Q

-philia

A

tendency

188
Q

leukapheresis

A

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of WBCs before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

189
Q

plasmapheresis

A

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of plasma before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

190
Q

plateletpheresis

A

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of thrombocytes before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

191
Q

hypersensitivity reaction

A

an exaggerated `or excessive immune response

192
Q

allergen

A

sensitizing agent that produces allergic reaction

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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