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Medical Terminology > 8. Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

8. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nat/o

A

birth; born

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2
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix

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3
Q

ov/i, ov/o

A

egg, ovum

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4
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tube

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5
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

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6
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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7
Q

ovari/o, oophor/o

A

ovary

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8
Q

culd/o

A

Douglas’ cul-de-sac

AKA rectouterine pouch

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9
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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10
Q

uter/o, hyster/o, metri/o, metr/o

A

uterus

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11
Q

vagin/o, colp/o

A

vagina

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12
Q

gynec/o

A

women

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13
Q

endo-

A

within

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14
Q

neo-

A

new

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15
Q

peri

A

surrounding

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16
Q

-arche

A

beginning

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17
Q

-logy

A

the study of

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18
Q

-logist

A

one who specialized in the study of

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19
Q

-pause

A

to stop

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20
Q

barthol/o

A

Bartholin’s glands

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21
Q

labi/o

A

labia

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22
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

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23
Q

hymen/o

A

vaginal orifice

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24
Q

vulv/o, episi/o

A

vulva

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25
Q

mamm/o, mast/o

A

breast

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26
Q

lact/o, galact/o

A

milk

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27
Q

papill/o, thel/o

A

nipple

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28
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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29
Q

chori/o, chorion/o

A

chorion

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30
Q

fet/o

A

fetus

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31
Q

gravid/o

A

pregnancy

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32
Q

omphal/o, umbilic/o

A

umbilicus

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33
Q

-gravida, -cyesis

A

pregnancy

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34
Q

-tocia, -para

A

labor, delivery

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35
Q

anovulation

A

failure of the ovary to release an ovum

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36
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

bilateral presence of numerous cysts, caused by a hormonal abnormality leading to the secretion of androgens

can cause acne, facial hair, and infertility

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37
Q

adhesion, fallopian tubes

A

scar tissue that binds surfaces together

a sequela (suh KWEL uh) of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), in which, as a result of the inflammation, the tubes heal closed, causing infertility

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38
Q

hematosalpinx

hee mah toh SAL pinks

A

condition of blood in the fallopian tubes

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39
Q

hydrosalpinx

A

condition of fluid in the fallopian tubes

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40
Q

pyosalpinx

A

condition of pus in the fallopian tubes

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41
Q

salpingitis

sal pin JYE tis

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes, a part of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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42
Q

endometriosis

A

condition in which endometrial tissue proliferates outside the uterine cavity

can interfere with the ability to conceive

caused by the backward flow of tissue fragments during menstruation

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43
Q

hysteroptosis

hiss tur op TOH sis

A

falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal location in the body

AKA uterine prolapse

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44
Q

retroflexion of the uterus

A

ondition in which the body of the uterus is bent backwards, forming an angle with the cervix

AKA “tipped uterus.”

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45
Q

amenorrhea

uh men uh REE ah

A

lack of menstrual flow

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46
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

abnormal uterine bleeding not caused by a tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy

PMB stands for postmenopausal bleeding.

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47
Q

dysmenorrhea

diss men uh REE ah

A

painful menstrual flow, cramps

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48
Q

menometrorrhagia

men oh met roh RAH zsa

A

excessive menstrual flow and uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation

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49
Q

menorrhagia

men or RAH zsa

A

abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual period

may be an indication of fibroids

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50
Q

metrorrhagia

met roh RAH zsa

A

uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation

may be caused by uterine lesions

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51
Q

oligomenorrhea

oh lig oh men oh REE ah

A

abnormally light menstrual flow

menorrhea refers to the normal discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus

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52
Q

polymenorrhea

A

abnormally frequent menstrual flow

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53
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

mood disorder that includes depression, irritability, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, and difficulty concentrating

occurs 1 to 2 weeks before the onset of the menstrual flow

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54
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

poorly understood group of symptoms that occur in some women on a cyclic basis: Breast pain, irritability, fluid retention, headache, and lack of coordination are some of the symptoms

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55
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the cervix that can produce a whitish discharge called leukorrhea

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56
Q

leukorrhea

A

whitish discharge usually resulting from cervicitis

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57
Q

vaginal prolapse

A

downward displacement of the vagina

AKA colpoptosis (kohl pop TOH sis)

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58
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

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59
Q

vulvitis

A

inflammation of the external female genitalia

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60
Q

vulvodynia

A

idiopathic syndrome of nonspecific complaints of pain of the vulva

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61
Q

vulvovaginitis

A

inflammation of the vulva and vagina

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62
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland

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63
Q

thelitis

thee LYE tis

A

inflammation of the nipples

AKA acromastitis, meaning inflammation of the extremities of the breast

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64
Q

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

abnormal cervical cell formation that may or may not devleop into cancer

`reported in grades I, II, and III

AKA cervical dysplasia

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65
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

the excessive development of cells in the uterine lining

of itself, benign but can become malignant

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66
Q

fibroadenoma of the breast

A

noncancerous breast tumors composed of fibrous and glandular tissue

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67
Q

fibrocystic changes of the breast

A

formerly called fibrocystic disease, this benign condition affects the glandular and stromal tissue

changes may take a variety of forms with typical symptoms of cysts, lumpiness, and/or pain

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68
Q

leiomyoma

lye oh my oma

A

benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus

usually nonpainful growths

may be removed surgically

AKA fibroids

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69
Q

ovarian cyst

A

a benign, fluid-filled sac

either a follicular cyst, which occurs when a follicle does not rupture at ovulation, or a cyst of the corpus luteum, caused when it does not continue its transformation

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70
Q

endometrial adenocarcinoma

add den oh kar sin OH mah

A

malignant cancer that develops from the cells that line the uterus

most common uterine cancer

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71
Q

epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)

A

an inherited mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is linked to the risk of this malignancy and breast cancer

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72
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)

A

most common type of breast cancer that arises from the cells lining the milk ducts

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73
Q

leiomyosarcoma

lye oh mye oh sar KOH mah

A

rare type of cancer of the smooth muscle of the uterus

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74
Q

lobular carcinoma

LAHB yoo lur

A

make up ~15% of breast cancers

tumors begin in the glandular tissue of the breast at the ends of the milk ducts

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75
Q

Paget disease of the breast

PAJ et

A

rare malignancy of the nipple that can occur in both women and men

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76
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

A

most common type of cervical cancer

thought to be caused by HPV

one of the most curable cancers with early detection

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77
Q

cervicography

A

photographic procedure in which a specially designed 35-mm camera is used to image the entire cervix to produce a slide called a
cervigram

used to detect early cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical cancer

can be combined with colposcopy or done independently

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78
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

his tur oh sal pin GAH gruh fee

A

radiographic procedure using contrast medium to image the uterus and fallopian tubes

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79
Q

mammography

A

imaging technique for early detection of breast cancer

results in an image called mammogram

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80
Q

pelvimetry

A

measurement of the birth canal

types include clinical and x-ray, although x-ray pelvimetry is not commonly done

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81
Q

colposcopy

kohl PAH skuh pee

A

endoscopic procedure used for a cervical/vaginal biopsy

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82
Q

culdoscopy

kull DAH skuh pee

A

endoscopic procedure used for biopsy of Douglas’ cul-de-sac

83
Q

hysteroscopy

hiss tuh RAH skuk pee

A

endoscopic procedure used for a myomectomy (fibroid removal) or polypectomy (polyp removal)

84
Q

laparoscopy

lap uh RAH skuh pee

A

endoscopic procedure for removing lesions (lysis), performing a hysterectomy, or ovarian biopsy

85
Q

culdocentesis

A

removal of fluid and cells from the rectouterine pouch to detect dysplasia

86
Q

hormone levels

A

laboratory measurements of the presence and extent of specific hormones in specimens of blood, urine, or body tissues

useful in evaluating a range of conditions from pregnancy to menopause

87
Q

pap smear

A

exfoliative cytology procedure useful for the detection of vaginal and cervical cancer

88
Q

alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)

A

test for prenatal diagnosis

maternal serum (blood) alpha fetoprotein test performed between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation

may indicate a variety of conditions, such as neural tube defects (spina bifida is the most common finding) and multiple gestations

89
Q

amniocentesis

A

removal and analysis of a sample of the amniotic fluid with the use of a guided needle through the mother’s abdomen into the amniotic sac to diagnose a number of fetal abnormalities

90
Q

chorionic villus samping (CVS)

A

removal of a small piece of the outer covering of the fetus, the chorion, either transvaginally or through a small incision in the abdomen, to test for chromosomal abnormalities

91
Q

contraction stress test (CST)

A

test to predict fetal outcome and risk of intrauterine asphyxia by measuring fetal heart rate throughout a minimum of three contractions within a 10-minute period

92
Q

nonstress test (NST)

A

stimulation of the fetus to monitor for a normal, expected acceleration of the fetal heart rate

a nonreactive stress test should be followed by a CST and possible ultrasound studies

93
Q

pregnancy test

A

test available in two forms:

  1. a standard OTC pregnancy test, which examines urine for the presence of hCG
  2. a serum (blood) pregnancy test performed in a physician’s office or laboratory to get a quantitative hCG

a “triple-screen” is a blood test for hCG, AFP, and uE3 (unconjugated estradiol)

94
Q

cervicectomy

sur vih SECK tuh mee

A

resection of the uterine cervix

95
Q

colpopexy

KOHL poh peck see

A

fixation of the vagina to an adjacent structure to hold it in place

96
Q

colpoplasty

KOHL poh plass tee

A

surgical repair of the vagina

97
Q

dilation and curettage (D&C)

KYOOR ih tahzh

A

procedure involving dilation of the cervix until a scraping tool (curette) can be inserted to remove the lining of the uterus (curettage)

used to treat and diagnose conditions such as heavy menstrual bleeding, or to empty the uterus of the products of conception

98
Q

hysterectomy

A

resection of the uterus

may be partial, pan- (all), or include other organs as well (e.g., total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy [TAH-BSO])

the surgical approach is usually stated: whether it is laparoscopic, vaginal, or abdominal

99
Q

hysteropexy

HISS tur oh peck see

A

suspension and fixation of a prolapsed uterus

100
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of a tumor from a breast

101
Q

mammoplasty

MAM oh plas tee

A

surgical or cosmetic repair of the breast

options may include augmentation or reduction

102
Q

mastectomy

A

removal of the breast, either unilateral or bilateral

103
Q

mastopexy

A

reconstructive procedure to lift and fixate the breasts

104
Q

oophorectomy

oh ah fore ECK tuh mee

A

resection of an ovary, either unilateral or bilateral

105
Q

pelvic exenteration

ecks zen tuh RAY shun

A

removal of the contents of the pelvic cavity

pelvic exenteration is usually done in response to widespread cancer to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, bladder, vagina, rectum, and lymph nodes

106
Q

salpingectomy

sall pin JEKT uh mee

A

resection of a fallopian tube, either unilateral or bilateral

107
Q

salpingolysis

sal ping GALL ih sis

A

removal of the adhesions in the fallopian tubes to reestablish patency, with the goal of fertility

108
Q

uterine artery embolization (UAE)

em boh lye ZAY shun

A

injection of particles to block a uterine artery that supplies the blood to a fibroid, which causes death of the fibroid

109
Q

artificial insemination (AI)

A

introduction of semen into the vagina by mechanical or instrumental means

110
Q

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

A

laboratory mixing and injection of the ova and sperm into the fallopian tubes so that fertilization occurs naturally within the body

111
Q

intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

injection of one sperm into the ovum and subsequent transplantation of the resulting zygote into the uterus

112
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

procedure that allows the mother’s ova to be fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus of either the biologic mother or a surrogate to carry to term

113
Q

zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

A

mixing of the ova and sperm in the laboratory, with fertilization confirmed before the zygotes are returned to the fallopian tubes

114
Q

sterilization

A

surgical procedure rendering a person unable to produce children

e.g., hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, or tubal ligation

115
Q

tubal ligation

TOO bul

A

sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, ligated (tied), and cauterized to prevent the ova released from being fertilized by spermatozoa

116
Q

abruptio placentae

plah SEN tee

A

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

may result in a severe hemorrhage that can threaten both infant and maternal lives

AKA ablatio placentae (ah BLAY she oh plah SEN tee)

Fig B

117
Q

cephalopelvic disproportion

A

condition in which the infant’s head is larger than the pelvic outlet it must pass through, thereby inhibiting normal labor and birth

one of the indications for a cesarean section

118
Q

eclampsia

A

extremely serious form of hypertension secondary to pregnancy

patients are at risk for coma, convulsions, and death

119
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of the embryo in any location but the uterus

120
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

condition in which mother is Rh-negative and her fetus is Rh-positive, causing the mother to form antibodies to the Rh-positive factor

subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies will be in jeopardy because the mother’s anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy fetal blood cells

121
Q

miscarriage/abortion

A

termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable

if spontaneous, it may be termed a miscarriage or a spontaneous abortion

if induced, it can be referred to as a therapeutic abortion

122
Q

oligohydramnios

oh lih goh hye DRAM nee ohs

A

condition of low or missing amniotic fluid

123
Q

placenta previa

A

placenta that is malpositioned in the uterus, so that it covers the opening of the cervix

even slight separation of the placenta from the uterine wall can result in bleeding

Fig A

124
Q

polyhydramnios

A

condition of excessive amniotic fluid

125
Q

preeclampsia

A

abnormal condition of pregnancy with unknown cause, marked by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

AKA toxemia of pregnancy

126
Q

meconium staining

meh KOH nee um

A

refers to fetal defecation while in utero

indicates fetal distress

127
Q

nuchal cord

NOO kul

A

abnormal but common occurrence of the umbilical cord wrapped around the neck of the neonate

128
Q

cephalic version

A

process of turning the fetus so that the head is at the cervical outlet for a vaginal delivery

129
Q

cerclage

sur KLAHZH

A

suturing the cervix closed to prevent a spontaneous abortion in a woman with an incompetent cervix

suture is removed when the pregnancy is at full-term to allow the delivery to proceed normally

130
Q

Cesarean section (C-section, CS)

A

delivery of an infant through a surgical abdominal incision

necessary with severe hemorrhaging as a result of placenta previa

131
Q

episiotomy

A

incision to widen the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing the tissue of the vulva during delivery

132
Q

oxytocia

ock see TOH sha

A

rapid birth

133
Q

dystocia

dis TOH sha

A

difficult birth

134
Q

vaginal birth after C-section (VBAC)

A

delivery of subsequent babies vaginally after a C-section

in the past, women were told “once a C-section, always a C-section.” Currently, this is being changed by recent developments in technique

135
Q

vaginal delivery

A

(usually) cephalic presentation (head first) through the vagina

136
Q

breech delivery

A

feet or buttock presentation through the vagina

137
Q

Apgar score

A

rates the physical health of the infant with a set of criteria 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

138
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

condition of deficient thyroid hormones

undiscovered and untreated, it can lead to retarded growth and brain development

if caught at birth, oral doses of the missing thyroid hormone will allow normal development

139
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

fennel kee tun YOOR ee ah

A

test for deficiency of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine, found in certain foods, into tyrosine

failure to treat this condition will lead to brain damage and mental retardation

140
Q

Cx

A

cervix

141
Q

EDD

A

estimated delivery date

142
Q

ERT

A

estrogen replacement therapy

143
Q

FHR

A

fetal heart rate

144
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

145
Q

hMG

A

human menopausal gonadotropin

146
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

147
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

148
Q

Rh

A

Rhesus factor

149
Q

TAH-BSO

A

total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

150
Q

menarche

men ar kee

A

the first menstruation and establishment of cyclical menstrual function

151
Q

pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland that is suspended under the brain in the fossa of the sphenoid bone

supplies hormones essential to many vital processes, such as FSH

152
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the pituitary gland

causes the ovary’s follicles (tiny secretory sacs in the ovary) to secrete estrogen

pituitary gland → FSH → ovary follicles → estrogen → hypothalamus → luteinizing hormone (LH) → ovulation → corpus luteum → estrogen & progesterone → fimbriae move ovum to uterus

153
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

loot EE uh nye zing

A

released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the follicle to mature and release its ovum (ovulation)

pituitary gland → FSH → ovary follicles → estrogen → hypothalamus → luteinizing hormone (LH) → ovulation → corpus luteum → estrogen & progesterone → fimbriae move ovum to uterus

154
Q

ovulation

A

process in which developed ovum/egg is expelled from the ovarian follicle and swept into the fallopian tube

ovarian follicles mature → one or more of the ovarian follicles rupture → a developed ovum is released → ruptured follicle develops golden appearance (corpus luteum)

155
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes estrogens and progesterone

after egg is expelled from the follicle into the fallopian tube, the follicular cells on the surface of the ovary form the corpus luteum

last about 12-14 hours if fertilization does not occur

if fertilization does occur, the hCG secreted by zygote keeps corpus luteum active

ovarian follicles mature → one or more of the ovarian follicles rupture → a developed ovum is released → ruptured follicle develops golden appearance → secretes estrogen & progesterone → deteriorates and becomes nonfunctional if fertilization does not occur

156
Q

estrogen

A

generic term for any steroid that produces estrus

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics, as well as for producing a suitable environment for the fertilization (endometrial thickening), implantation, and nutrition in the early embryo by acting on the female genitalia during the menstrual cycle

157
Q

progesterone

A

principal progestional hormone of the body

responsible for the development and maintenance of the endometrial lining

released by the corpus luteum, placenta, and the adrenal cortex

158
Q

fimbria

(pl. fimbriae)

A

the feathery ends of each fallopian tube, draws matured ovum into the tube

159
Q

uterine adnexa

A

accessory organs of the uterus

includes fallopian tubes and ovaries

160
Q

follicle

A

secretory sac

161
Q

perimetreum

A

outer layer of uterus

162
Q

myometrium

A

muscle layer of uterus

163
Q

endometrium

A

innermost lining of the uterus

164
Q

fundus

A

top, raised area of the uterus between the outlets for the fallopian tubes

165
Q

corpus

A

large central area of the uterus

AKA body

166
Q

cervix

A

the lower narrowed area of the uterus

AKA neck of the uterus

167
Q

vagina

A

muscular, tube-like organ through which uterine lining is shed when the ovum is not fertilized with a spermatozoon

if fertilization does take place, vagina becomes the birth canal for the newborn

168
Q

Douglas’ cul-de-sac

A

small area between uterus and rectum

AKA rectouterine pouch

169
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia

consists of the orifice (vaginal opening), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and perineum

170
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

paired glands in the vulva that secrete a mucous lubricant for the vagina

171
Q

lobes

A

15-20 divisions in each breast in which milk-secreting cells are located

172
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

small tubular structures that extend from milk-secreting cells and expand into lactiferous sinuses as they converge like spokes toward the nipple

173
Q

conception

A

event that occurs when one ovum unites with one sperm as a result of sexual intercourse or fertilization in a clinical setting

marks the beginning of pregnancy

174
Q

zygote

A

cell formed when the sperm and ovum unite

175
Q

gestation

A

period of about 38 weeks in which the development of a new individual occurs from conception to birth

176
Q

implantation

A

embedding of a zygote into the uterine lining about 7-10 days after ovulation

177
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

hormone secreted by the zygote during implantation

prevents corpus luteum from deteriorating and allows the continued production of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and prevent menstruation

178
Q

embryo

A

3rd to 8th week of life

179
Q

amnion

A

thin but tough membrane lining the chorion, containing the embryo and later the fetus

surrounded by amniotic fluid

180
Q

chorion

CORE ee ahn

A

outermost extraembryonic membrane

composed of trophoblast lined with mesoderm and develops villi about 2 weeks after fertilization

181
Q

placenta

A

highly vascular structure that provides communication b/w mother and embryo for the exchange of nutrients and wastes

anchors embryo to uterine wall and begins producing progesterone after ~10 weeks of gestation

182
Q

fetus

A

embryo after 8th week of pregnancy

183
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects embryo to placenta, which is anchored to uterine wall

184
Q

parturition

PAR tyur ih shun

A

childbirth

185
Q

afterbirth

A

the expulsion of placenta from the uterus after parturition

186
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

an inflammatory condition affecting the female pelvic organs, particularly one caused by bacterial infection

characterized by fever, pain in the lower abdomen, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, and pain in the uterus, uterine tube, or affected ovary during pelvic examination

AKA salpingitis

187
Q

teratoma

A

tumors composed of different kinds of tissue, none of which normally occur together

most common in the ovaries or testes

188
Q

dermoid cyst

A

tumor consisting of a fibrous wall lined with epithelium and a cavity containing material derived from embryonal tissues

189
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

190
Q

-drome

A

run

191
Q

phor/o

A

carry, bear

192
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping, sagging

193
Q

lobul/o

A

small lobe

194
Q

-plasia

A

formation, development

195
Q

-sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of connective tissue

196
Q

-carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of epithelial tissue

197
Q

sonohysterography

A

ultrasonography of the uterus

198
Q

transvaginal ultrasound

A

uses a proble introduced into the vagina and a high-frequency sound to obtain a transvaginal view of the uterus

199
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

sal ping oh - oh ah for eck tuh mee

A

removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary

200
Q

triple-screen

A

blood test for hCG, AFP, and uE3 (unconjugated estradiol)

201
Q

incompetent cervix

A

condition that can lead to a spontaneous abortion or miscarriage

usually occurs b/w 3rd to 13th week of pregnancy and thus results in miscarriage by the 20th week

a cerclage can be performed to prevent this

202
Q

nuch/o

A

neck

203
Q

eutocia

A

normal delivery

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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