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Medical Terminology > 5. Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

5. Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-al, -ary

A

pertaining to

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2
Q

-cele

A

herniation

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3
Q

-chalasia

A

condition of relaxation

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4
Q

-chezia

A

condition of stools

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5
Q

-gen

A

producing, produced by

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6
Q

-ose

A

full of, pertaining to

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7
Q

-plakia

A

condition of patches

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8
Q

-stalsis

A

contraction

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9
Q

-tresia

A

condition of an opening

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10
Q

abdomino, celio, laparo

A

abdomen

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11
Q

achalasia

ack uh LAY zsa

A

impairment of esophageal peristalsis along with the lower esophageal sphincter’s (LES) inability to relax

AKA cardiospasm, esophageal aperistalsis, and megaesophagus

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12
Q

acute peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum that most commonly occurs when an inflamed appendix ruptures

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13
Q

adenocarcinoma

ad den oh kar sin OH mah

A

a malignant tumor of epithelial origin that either originates from glandular tissue or has a glandular appearance

adenocarcinomas occur thorughout the GI tract, ut esp in esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon

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14
Q

alimento

A

nutrition

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15
Q

amylo

A

starch

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16
Q

anal fissure

A

cracklike lesion of the skin around the anus

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17
Q

anastomosis

ah nas tih MOH sis

A

new connection created between two usually hollow structures that did not previously exist

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18
Q

ano

A

anus

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19
Q

anorectal abscess

A

severe inflammation of the anus or rectum containing pus

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20
Q

aphthous stomatitis

AFF thus stoh mah TYE tis

A

recurring condition characterized by small ulcers which appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth

AKA canker sore

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21
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

if the appendix is not removed in time, it can become gangrenous and burst

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22
Q

appendo, appendico

A

appendix

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23
Q

bariatric surgery

A

a variety of surgical procedures done to control morbid obesity by reducing the size of the stomach and/or by rerouting the small intestine to reduce the absorption of nutrients

these procedures include gastric stapling (gastroplasty), gastric banding, and gastric bypass

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24
Q

barium enema (BE)

A

introduction of a barium sulfate suspension through the rectum for imaging of the lower digestive tract to detect obstructions, tumors, and other abnormalities

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25
Q

barium swallow (BaS)

A

radiographic imaging done after the oral ingestion of a barium sulfate suspension

used to detect abnormalities of the esophagus and stomach

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26
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

condition caused by chronic reflux from the stomach

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27
Q

bile

A

yellowish green substance that contains cholesterol, acids, and pigments such as bilirubin

serves to emulsify fat or lipid globules into small enough parts for the enzymes to digest

travels through the hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder where it is stored and concentrated → common bile duct after a meal

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27
Q

biliary colic

A

severe right upper quadrant pain

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29
Q

bilirubin

A

chief pigment in bile

product of normal hemoglobin breakdown

carried through the bloodstream to the liver, which conjugates with other substances to be added to bile so that it can enter the colon

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30
Q

biopsy

A

removal and examination of living tissue from the body for diagnostic purposes

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31
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

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32
Q

bucco

A

cheek

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32
Q

-carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of epithelial growth

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34
Q

ceco

A

cecum, the first part of the large intestine connected to the ileum

“blind pouch”

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34
Q

cheilitis

kye LYE tis

A

inflammation of the lips

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35
Q

cheilosis

kye LOH sis

A

abnormal condition of the lips present in riboflavin (B vitamin) deficiency

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36
Q

cholangio

A

bile vessels

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37
Q

cholangiography

koh lan jee AH gruh fee

A

radiographic procedure that captures images of the common bile duct through the injection of a contrast medium into the bile duct, after which a series of digital images is taken

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38
Q

cholangitis

koh lan JYE tis

A

inflammation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts

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39
Q

chole, bili

A

bile

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40
Q

cholecystitis

koh lee sis tye TIS

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

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41
Q

cholecysto

A

gallbladder (GB)

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42
Q

cholecystography

koh lee sis TAH gruh fee

A

contrast study in which iodine is ingested orally, then the gallbladder is imaged at different time intervals to assess its functioning

used to diagnose cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, tumors, and other abnormalities of the gallbladder

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43
Q

choledocho

A

common bile duct

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44
Q

choledocholithiasis

koh lee doh koh lih THY ih sis

A

presence of stones in the common bile duct

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45
Q

cholelithiasis

koh lee lih THY ih sis

A

presence of stones (calculi) in the gallbladder, sometimes characterized by right upper quadrant pain (biliary colic) with nausea and vomiting

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46
Q

chyme

A

viscous, semifluid gruel-like material produced by gastric digestion of food

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47
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells, most commonly associated with alcohol use

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48
Q

cleft palate

A

failure of the palate to close during embryonic development, which allows an opening in the roof of the mouth

often accompanied by a cleft lip

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49
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the large intestine

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50
Q

colo, colono

A

colon

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51
Q

colostomy

koh LOSS toh mee

A

surgical redirection of the bowel to a stoma, an artificial opening, on the abdominal wall

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52
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

radiographic technique that produces detailed images of “slices” or cross sections of the body

used in the digestive system to diagnose tumors or abnormal accumulations of fluid

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53
Q

Crohn disease

A

idiopathic autoimmune inflammation of the ileum or the ileum or colon

AKA regional enteritis

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54
Q

cystadenoma

A

glandular tumors that are filled with cysts

most common benign tumors in the pancreas

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55
Q

cystadenoma

A

glandular tumor of the pancreas filled with cysts

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56
Q

deglutition

DEE glu tih shun

A

process of swallowing

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57
Q

denti, odonto

A

teeth

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58
Q

dia-

A

through, complete

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59
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation occurring secondary to the occurrene of diverticulosis

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60
Q

diverticulosis

A

development of diverticula, pouches in the lining of the colon

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61
Q

duodenum

doo oh DE num

A

widest, shortest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine, taking an almost circular course from the pylorus to the jejunum

first 10-12 inches of small intestine, where most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place

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62
Q

dyspepsia

A

feeling of epigastric discomfort that occurs shortly after eating

symptoms range from feeling of nausea, fullness, heartburn, and/or bloating

AKA indigestion

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63
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

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64
Q

endoscopy

A

general term for any internal visualization of the body using an instrument called an endoscope, which has its own fiberoptic light source

endoscope can enter the GI tract through the oral cavity (esophagogastroduodenoscopy - EGD),

through the anus (protoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy),

or through an incision in the abdominal wall (laparoscopy)

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65
Q

enema

A

method of introducing a solution into the rectum for therapeutic (relief of constipation) or hygienic (preparation for surgery) reasons

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66
Q

entero

A

small intestines

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67
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that moves to cover the trachea with each swallow

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68
Q

eructation

ee ruck TAY shun

A

release of air from the stomach through the mouth

may be caused by rapid eating or by swallowing air

AKA burping/belching

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69
Q

esophageal atresia

es soff uh JEE ul ah TREE zsa

A

congenital condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and there is no opening into the stomach

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70
Q

esophago

A

esophagus

10-inch long tube between pharynx (throat) and stomach

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71
Q

feeding tubes

A

enteral nutrition: through a digestive structure

parenteral nutrition: introduced through a structure outside the digestive system, usually through IV (ex: total parenteral nutrition, or TPN)

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72
Q

femoral hernia

A

protrusion of a loop of intestine through the femoral canal into the groin

AKA crural hernia

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73
Q

hernia

A

protrusion or rupture of an organ through a body wall

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74
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body

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75
Q

flatus

FLAY tus

A

passing gas

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76
Q

fluoroscopy

floor AH skuh pee

A

special kind of radiographic procedure that allows visualization of structures in real time directly on a monitor screen

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77
Q

fundus

A

the body of the stomach

AKA cardia

78
Q

gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

A

blood test to detect increased enzymes that can indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis or nephrosis, and Helicobacter pylori antibodies

79
Q

gastrectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

79
Q

gastric bypass (Roux en-Y)

A

a type of bariatric surgery

80
Q

gastric gavage

gah VAHZH

A

feeding through a tube in the stomach

81
Q

gastritis

A

acute of chronic inflammation of the stomach that may be accompanied by anorexia, nausea and vomiting, or indigestion

83
Q

gastro

A

stomach

84
Q

gastrodynia, gastralgia

gass troh dih NEE AH

gass TRAL zsa

A

stomach pain

84
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

gass troh eh sah fah JEE ul

A

return of stomach contents to the esophagus, caused by an inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to contract normally

gradually breaks down the mucous barrier of the esophagus

characterized by pyrosis with or w/o regurgitation of stomach contents into mouth

86
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammatory disease of the gums characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding

87
Q

gingivo

A

gums

88
Q

gluco

A

sweet, sugar

89
Q

glycogenolysis

gly co gen AHL ah sis

A

process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

90
Q

hematochezia

hee mat oh KEE zee ah

A

bright red, frank lower GI bleeding from the rectum that may originate in the distal colon

bright red blood in stools

90
Q

hemangioma

A

tumor of the blood vessels

most common type of benign tumor

92
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose vein in the lower rectum or anus

93
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

surgical excision of hemorrhoids

94
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammatory disease of the liver that is caused by an increasing number of viruses, alcohol, and drugs

currently named by letter, hepatitis A-G, the means of viral transmission is not the same for each form

95
Q

hepatitis A (HAV) and E

A

virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water

96
Q

hepatitis B (HBV)

A

virus transmitted through contamined blood or sexual contact

96
Q

hepatitis C

A

transmitted through blood, sexual contact, or from sharing infected needles

97
Q

hepatitis D

A

manifests only in patients who have acquired hepatitis

98
Q

hepato

A

liver

produces bile

stores excess glucose as the starch glycogen and converts it back to glucose when blood sugar levels drop

converts proteins and fats into glucose when needed (gluconeogenesis)

manufactures blood proteins for clotting, releases bilirubin, and detoxifies the blood

99
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma

A

malignant tumors of epithelial origin that originate in the liver cells

most common type of liver cancer worldwide

100
Q

herniorrhaphy

hur nee OR rah fee

A

hernia repair

suture of a hernia

101
Q

herpetic stomatitis

hur pET ick stoh mah TYE tis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)

AKA cold sore, fever blister

102
Q

hiatal hernia

hye A tul

A

protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm

AKA diaphragmatic hernia, diaphragmatocele (dye uh grag MAT oh seel)

103
Q

hiato

A

opening

104
Q

singultus

A

involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, followed by a rapid closure of the glottis (which causes the sound of a hiccup)

AKA hiccup

105
Q

Hirschsprung disease

HERSH sprung

A

congenital absence of normal nervous function in part of the colon, which results in an absence of peristaltic movement, accumulation of feces, and enlarged colon

AKA congenital megacolon

106
Q

hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)

A

most inferior part of the pharynx, directly below the oropharynx

107
Q

ileo

A

ileum

11-foot-long third portion ofthe small intestine that attaches to the colon

108
Q

ileocecal valve

A

valve between ileum (small intestine) and cecum (large intestine)

109
Q

ileus

A

obstruction

110
Q

incarcerated hernia

A

loop of bowel with ends occluded so that solids cannot pass; herniated bowel can become strangulated

AKA irreducible hernia

111
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

chronic inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the intestine, characterized by bleeding and diarrhea

112
Q

inguinal hernia

IN gwin nul

A

protrusion of a loop of intestine into the inguinal canal

113
Q

intestino

A

intestines

114
Q

intussusception

in tuh suh SEP shun

A

inward telescoping of the intestines

115
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

abnormal increase in the activity of the small and large intestines, leading to diarrhea and flatus

116
Q

jejuno

A

jejunum

8-foot-long middle section of the small intestine

117
Q

labio, cheilo

A

lips

118
Q

laparoscopic surgery

lap uh roh SCAH pick

A

surgery done through several small incisions in the abdominal wall with the aid of an instrument called a laparoscope

119
Q

laparoscopy (lap)

lap uh RAH skuh pee

A

visual examination of the abdominal cavity

120
Q

laparotomy

lap uh RAH tuh mee

A

any surgical incision in the abdominal wall for the purpose of an operative approach or for exploratory purposes

121
Q

leiomyoma

lye oh my OH mah

A

smooth muscle tumor that may occur in the digestive tract

122
Q

leukoplakia

loo koh PLAY kee ah

A

condition of white patches that may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa

124
Q

ligation

A

tying off a blood vessel or duct

125
Q

linguo, glosso

A

tongue

125
Q

lipo

A

lipid

126
Q

cholecysto

A

gallbladder

127
Q

lobo

A

lobe

128
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

pharynx –> esophagus –> ring-like muscle that controls the entry of food from the esophagus into the stomach

AKA gastroesophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter

129
Q

lysis of adhesions

A

surgical destruction of adhesions (scar tissue that binds two anatomic surfaces)

ex: in the peritoneal cavity

130
Q

malocclusion

mal oh KLOO zhun

A

condition in which the teeth do not touch properly when the mouth is closed (abnormal bite)

131
Q

mandibulo

A

lower jaw bone

132
Q

manometry

mah NAH met tree

A

test that measures the motor function (muscle pressure) of the esophagus

133
Q

maxillo

A

upper jaw bone

134
Q

melena

mah LEE nah

A

black, tarry stools caused by the presence of partially digested blood

135
Q

mesentery

A

fan-shaped fold of peritoneum that encloses the intestine while allowing some movement

136
Q

metastatic carcinoma

A

most common form of liver cancer

liver is the most common site of all metastases

not a primary tumor, but one that has spread from another site

137
Q

naso

A

nose

138
Q

nasogastric intubation (NG tube)

A

placement of a tube fromthe nose, down the back of the throat, then into the stomach for the purpose of removing gastric contents

139
Q

nasopharynx

A

most superior end of the pharynx, located behind the nasal cavity

140
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

141
Q

obstipation

A

extreme constipation or intestinal obstruction

142
Q

odontogenic tumor

oh don to JEH nik

A

benign tumors that arise around the teeth and jaw

143
Q

omphalo, umbilico

A

umbilius

145
Q

oro

A

oral cavity

146
Q

oro, stomo, stomato

A

mouth

146
Q

oropharynx

A

middle part of the pharynx, located directly adjacent to the oral cavity

148
Q

oto

A

ear

149
Q

palato

A

hard and soft palates

150
Q

pancreato

A

pancreas

produces digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) that pass through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

also secretes insulin to help release sugar from the blood and carry the energy-producing glucose into the cells

151
Q

paracentesis

A

procedure for withdrawing fluid from a body cavity, most commonly to remove fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavity

152
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

erosion of the protective mucosal lining of the stomach (gastic ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

152
Q

paralytic ileus

A

lack of peristaltic movement in the intestinal tract

AKA adynamic ileus

154
Q

periodontal disease

A

pathologic condition of the tissues surrounding the teeth

155
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contraction

peri- = surrounding + -stalsis = contraction

156
Q

peritoneo

A

peritoneum

157
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic walls (parietal peritoneum) and reflecting over the contained viscera (visceral peritoneum)

158
Q

phago

A

eat, swallow

159
Q

pharyngo

A

pharanyx (throat)

5-inch long, mucus-lined, muscular tube serves as passageway for food and air

160
Q

pharyngo

A

throat

161
Q

plico

A

fold

162
Q

plicae

PLY see

A

circular folds

163
Q

polyp

A

benign growth that may occur in the intestines

164
Q

polyp, adenomatous or hyperplastic

add en NOH mah tuss

A

adenomatous (growth that arises from glandular tissue, have potential to be malignant) or hyperplastic (generally, small growth that has no tendency to become malignant) tumor occurring throughout the digestive tract

polyps may be sessile (flat) or pedunculated (having a stalk)

165
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum and anus

AKA rectitis

166
Q

procto

A

rectum and anus

167
Q

pruritus ani

proo RYE tis A nye

A

common chronic condition of itching of the skin surrounding the anus

168
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscles that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

ensures that food does not leave the stomach to enter the small intestine until it is chemically ready

169
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

congenital narrowing of the muscle between the stomach and the duodenum

occurring in infants, it manifests itself with bouts of projectile vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration

171
Q

pylorotomy

A

an incision of the pyloric sphincter to correct an obstruction, such as pyloric stenosis

172
Q

pylorus

A

narrow distal opening of the stomach, surrounded by a thick band of circular muscle (the pyloric sphincter), through which the stomach contents are emptied into the duodenum

173
Q

pyo

A

pus

174
Q

pyrosis

A

painful burning sensation in esophagus, usually caused by reflux of stomach contents, hyperactivity, or peptic ulcer

AKA heartburn

174
Q

pyorrhea

pye or REE yah

A

purulent discharge from the tissue surrounding the teeth

often seen with gingivitis

175
Q

recto

A

rectum

176
Q

retro-

A

behind

177
Q

rugae

ROO-jee

A

ridges/wrinkles lining the stomach

178
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity

180
Q

sialadeno

A

salivary gland

181
Q

sialo

A

saliva

182
Q

sigmoido

A

sigmoid colon

183
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

SKWAY muss

A

cancers that have a scalelike appearance

SCCs arise from the cells that cover the surfaces of the body

can occur throughout the digestive system

184
Q

stool culture

A

fecal exam to test for microorganisms in the feces, such as worms, amoebae, bacteria, and protozoa

185
Q

stool guaiac, hemoccult test

GWEYE ack

HEEM oh kult

A

fecal specimen exam to detect hidden blood, which may indicate GI bleeding

186
Q

strangulation

A

constriction of a tubular structure, including intestines, leading to an impedance of circulation

187
Q

total bilirubin

A

blood test to detect possible jaundice (yellowing of the skin), cirrhosis, or hepatitis

188
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

189
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum manifesting itself with bouts of profuse watery diarrhea

190
Q

ultrasonography

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to image deep structures of the body

used to detect gallstones and tumors in the digestive system

191
Q

umbilical hernia

A

protrusion of the intestine and omentum thorugh a weakness in the abdominal wall

AKA omphalocele (UMF oh luh seel)

192
Q

uvulo

A

uvula (little grape)

193
Q

villi

VIL ai

A

tiny vascular projections in the small intestine

194
Q

volvulus

VOL vyoo lus

A

twisting of the intestine

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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