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Medical Terminology > 10. Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

10. Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

provides transportation of oxygen, water, nutrients, and other substances to every cell in the body

right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle

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2
Q

systemic circulation

A

general blood circulation of the body, excluding the lungs

begins with blood being pumped out of the left side of the heart

AKA greater circulation

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3
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow of blood through the vessels between the lungs and the heart, responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide

right side of the heart → blood to lungs to absorb O2 and release CO2 → blood picks up O2 from the lungs → vessels deliver now-oxygenated blood back to left side of heart where it is then pumped to the rest of the body

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4
Q

coronary circulation

A

circulation of blood through the heart itself

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5
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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6
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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7
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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8
Q

capillar/o

A

capillary

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9
Q

cardi/o, cordi/o, coron/o

A

heart

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10
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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11
Q

system/o

A

system

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12
Q

ven/o, phleb/o

A

vein

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13
Q

venul/o

A

venule

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14
Q

vascul/o, angi/o, vas/o

A

vessel

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15
Q

aorta

A

main trunk of the systemic arterial system

starts at the left ventricle, rises upward, bends over the root of the left lung, and then descends within the thorax, through the diaphragm, and into the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

artery

A

a large blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart and to other areas of the body

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17
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels that join the arterioles and venules, creating a network in almost all parts of the body

only one blood cell at a time can pass through

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18
Q

vein

A

a vessel through which blood travels from various parts or organs back to the heart

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19
Q

vena cava

VEE nah KAY vah

venae cavae

VEE nee KAY vee

A

one of the two large veins transporting blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the peripheral circulation

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20
Q

coronary arteries

A

arteries that supply the heart muscle

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21
Q

atria

A

upper chambers of the heart

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22
Q

ventricles

A

lower chambers of the heart

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23
Q

septum

A

tissue wall between the chambers of the heart

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24
Q

endocardium

A

thin tissue that lines each chamber and valve of the heart

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25
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle surrounding each chamber

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26
Q

pericardium

A

double-folded layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart

has two surfaces:

1) inner visceral pericardium (epicardium)
2) outer parietal pericardium not in direct contact with the heart

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27
Q

apic/o

A

apex

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28
Q

endocardi/o

A

endocardium

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29
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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30
Q

myocardi/o

A

myocardium

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31
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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32
Q

sept/o

A

septum

partition

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33
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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34
Q

endo-

A

within

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35
Q

epi-

A

above

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36
Q

inter-

A

between

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37
Q

pre-

A

before, in front of

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38
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

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39
Q

tricuspid valves (TV)

A

valves with three main cusps, located between the right ventricle and right atrium of the heart

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40
Q

semilunar valve

A

squeezes blood into the pulmonary arteries (PA) from the right ventricle to deliver all deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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41
Q

pulmonary veins (PV)

A

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left side of the heart

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42
Q

mitral valve (MV)

A

valve through which blood enters the left ventricle (LV) from the left atrium (LA)

AKA bicuspid valve

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43
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

valve through which blood is pushed from left ventricle into the aorta for circulation throughout the body

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44
Q

optimum blood pressure

A

systole under 120

diastole under 80

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45
Q

normal blood pressure

A

systole 120-139

diastole 80-84

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46
Q

high-normal blood pressure

A

systole 130-139

diastole 85-89

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47
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood expelled from the left ventricle compared with the total volume of blood filling it

measure of the ejection fraction of cardiac output

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48
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

clusters of hundreds of cells in the right atrial wall of the heart, near the opening of the superior vena cava, comprising a knot of modified heart muscle that produces impulses that move quickly throughout the muscle fibers (Purkinje fibers) of both atria, causing them to contract

node at which initial electrical signal for the heartbeat begins

contains specialized cells with an intrinsic rhythm independent of any stimulation by nerve impulses from the brain or the spinal cord

called the cardiac pacemaker

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49
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

in right atrium

receives signal from SA node and passes it along the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers which stimulate both ventricles to contract, forcing blood out of hte pulmonary arteries and aorta

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50
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

myocardial fibers that constitute the terminal ends of the bundle branches

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51
Q

arrhythmia

A

any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

AKA dysrhythmia

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52
Q

electrocardiograph (ECG)

A

a device used to record the electronic impulses of the heart as wave deflections of a needle

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53
Q

bundle of His

A

AKA atrioventricular bundle

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54
Q

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

A

regular heart rhythm

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55
Q

beats per minute (bpm)

A

heart rate measured in pulsations per minute

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56
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

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57
Q

pallor

A

paleness of skin or mucous membranes

on darker pigmented skin, it may be noted on the inner surfaces of the lower eyelids or the nail beds

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58
Q

syncope

A

fainting or loss of consciousness

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59
Q

atypical pain

A

a type of cardiac pain

stabbing or burning pain unrelated to exertion

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60
Q

ischemic pain

A

a type of cardiac pain

pressing, squeezing, or weightlike pain caused by decreased blood supply

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61
Q

bruit

broo ee

A

abnormal sound heard when auscultating an artery (not the heart)

usually a blowing or swishing sound, higher pitched than a murmur

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62
Q

bradycardia

brad dee car dee uh

A

slow heartbeat, with ventricular contractions less than 60 bpm

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63
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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64
Q

cyanosis

A

lack of oxygen in blood, seen as a bluish or grayish discoloration of skin, nail beds, and/or lips

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65
Q

dyspnea

DISP nee uh

A

difficult and/or painful breathing

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66
Q

emesis

A

expelling the contents of the stomach through the esophagus and mouth; vomiting

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67
Q

murmur

A

abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, which may be described as a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound

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68
Q

palpitations

A

pounding or racing of the heart, such that the patient is aware of his/her heartbeat

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69
Q

pulmonary congestion

A

excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels

usually associated with heart failure

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70
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm

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71
Q

thrill

A

fine vibration felt by the examiner on palpation

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72
Q

venous distension

A

enlarged or swollen veins

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73
Q

coarctation

A

narrowing

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74
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta

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75
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

congenitally abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most often in premature infants

Fig. B

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76
Q

septal defect

A

any congenital abnormality of the walls between the heart chambers

Fig. A

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77
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

a congenital hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart

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78
Q

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

a congenital hole in the wall between the lower two chambers of the heart

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79
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects:

  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. ventricular septal defect
  3. malposition of the aorta, so that it arises from the septal defect or the right ventricle
  4. right ventricular hypertrophy

Fig B

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80
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

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81
Q

aortic stenosis (AS)

A

narrowing of the aortic valve, which may be acquired or congenital

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82
Q

mitral regurgitation (MR)

A

backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium in systole across a diseased valve. It may be the result of congenital valve abnormalities, rheumatic fever, or mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

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83
Q

mitral stenosis (MS)

A

narrowing of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle caused by adhesions on the leaflets of the valve, usually the result of recurrent episodes of rheumatic endocarditis

left atrial hypertrophy develops and may be followed by right-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema (cor pulmonale)

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84
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole

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85
Q

orthopnea

or THOP nee uh

A

condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe comfortably

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86
Q

tricuspid stenosis (TS)

A

relatively uncommon narrowing of the tricuspid valve associated with lesions of other valves caused by rheumatic fever

symptoms include jugular vein distention and pulmonary congestion

87
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammatory condition of a valve, especially a cardiac valve, caused most commonly by rheumatic fever and less frequently by bacterial endocarditis or syphilis

results are stenoses and obstructed blood flow

88
Q

rheumatic fever

A

an inflammatory disease that may follow an inadequately treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract

usually occurs in school-age children and may affect the heart, brain, joints, or skin

89
Q

atrial flutter

A

rapid, regular atrial rhythm

90
Q

atrioventricular (AV) block

A

partial or complete heart block that is the result of lack of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles

AKA heart block

91
Q

bundle branch block (BBB)

A

incomplete electrical conduction in the bundle branches, either left or right to the ventricles

92
Q

ectopic beats

A

heartbeats that occur outside of a normal rhythm

93
Q

atrial ectopic beats (AEB)

A

`irregular contractions of the atria

AKA premature atrial contractions (PAC)

94
Q

ventricular ectopic beats (VEB)

A

irregular contractions of the ventricles

AKA premature ventricular contractions (PVC)

95
Q

fibrillation

A

disturbance of the heart’s rhythm in which there are rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions (300-600/min) of the atria or ventricles

can occur with or without an underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease

can occur in either the atrium or the ventricles

96
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

ventricular contraction >100 bpm

97
Q

sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

A

any abnormality of the sinus node

98
Q

atrial fibrillation (AF)

A

most common type of cardiac arrhythmia; a series of extremely rapid and irregular atrial contractions (300-600 per minute) occurring with or without an underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease or hypertension

99
Q

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

PEAR ock sis mul

A

atrial fibrillation occurring as a marked episode

100
Q

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A

rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity

often the terminal event in sudden cardiac death

101
Q

angina pectoris

an JYE nuh

A

paroxysmal chest pain that is often accompanied by shortness of breath and a sensation of impending doom

treatable with sublingual or dermal nitroglycerin (NTG)

102
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to angina

103
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

cardiac tissue death that occurs when the coronary arteries are occluded (blocked) by an atheroma, a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery, or a blood clot caused by an atheroma, and are thus unable to carry enough oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

104
Q

atherosclerosis

A

form of arteriosclerosis in which medium and large arteries have atheromas, which can reduce or obstruct blood flow

patients with peripheral atherosclerosis complain of intermittent claudication

105
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

progressive disorder of the ventricles of the heart

106
Q

cardiac tamponade

tam puhn ahd

A

compression of the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial sac

Fig A

107
Q

heart failure

A

inability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently, so that it becomes overloaded

the heart enlarges with unpumped blood, and the lungs fill with fluid

previously referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF)

108
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, with the possibility of pericardial effusion

109
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves, characterized by lesions and caused by a number of different microbes

110
Q

aneurysm

A

localized dilation of an artery caused by a congenital or acquired weakness in the wall of the vessel

acquired causes may be arteriosclerosis, trauma, infection, and/or inflammation

111
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of atheromas

112
Q

claudication

A

cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles

113
Q

esophageal varices

A

varicose veins that appear at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension; they are superficial and may cause ulceration and bleeding

114
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins that causes painful swellings at the anus

115
Q

hypertension

A

condition of high or elevated blood pressure that occurs in two forms:

  1. primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause
  2. secondary hypertension, which occurs in response to another disorder

AKA arterial hypertension

116
Q

peripheral arterial occlusion

A

blockage of blood flow to the extremities

acute or chronic conditions may be present, but patients with both types of conditions are likely to have underlying atherosclerosis

117
Q

Raynaud disease

RAY noh

A

idiopathic disease of the peripheral vascular system that causes intermittent cyanosis/erythema due to spasming of the vessel walls of the distal ends of the fingers and toes

118
Q

varicose veins

A

elongated, dilated superficial veins with incompetent valves that permit reverse blood flow

most often appear in lower extremities

119
Q

thrombophlebitis

throm boh fluh BYE tis

A

inflammation of either deep veins (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) or superficial veins

120
Q

atrial myxoma

mick SOH mah

A

bnign growth usually occurring on the interatrial septum

121
Q

hemangioma

A

noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels

ay be congenital (“stork bite”) or develop later in life

122
Q

cardiac myxosarcoma

A

rare cancer of the heart usually originating in the left atrium

123
Q

hemangiosarcoma

hee man jee oh sar KOH mah

A

rare cancer of the cells that line the blood vessels

124
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

125
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

126
Q

ather/o

A

fat, plaque

127
Q

lipid profile

A

blood test to measure the lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the circulating blood

128
Q

cardiac enzymes test

A

blood test that measures the amount of cardiac enzymes characteristically released during a myocardial infarction

determines the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood

129
Q

echocardiography

A

use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart

130
Q

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

A

images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esophagus

131
Q

exercise stress test (EST)

A

imaging of the heart during exercise on a treadmill, with the use of radioactive thallium or technetium (Tc99m) sestamibi

132
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph that is worn to record the reaction of the heart to daily activities

133
Q

magenetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

computerized imaging that uses radiofrequency pulses in a magnetic field to detect areas of myocardial infarction, stenoses, and areas of blood flow

134
Q

myocardial perfusion imaging

A

use of radionuclide to diagnose CAD, valvular or congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy

135
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

computerized nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to help identify how much a patient will benefit from revascularization procedures

136
Q

radiography

A

posteroanterior and lateral chest x-rays may be used to evaluate the size and shape of the heart

137
Q

angiocardiography

A

injection of a radiopaque substance during cardiac catheterization for the purpose of imaging the heart and related structures

138
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

threading of a catheter (thin tube) into the heart to collect diagnostic information about structures in the heart, coronary arteries, and great vessels and potentially insert stent implants

also used to aid in treatment of CAD, congenital abnormalities, and heart failure

139
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

digital imaging process used for nonmoving arteries wherein contrast images are used to “subtract” the noncontrast image of surrounding structures, leaving only a clear image of blood vessels

140
Q

Swan-Ganz catheter

A

long, thin cardiac catheter with a tiny balloon at the tip that is fed into the femoral artery near the groin and extended up to the left ventricle

this instrument is then used to determine left ventricular function by measuring pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

141
Q

atherectomy

A

removal of plaque from the coronary artery (or other arteries) through a catheter with a rotating shaver or a laser

if a laser is used, procedure is called laser angioplasty

142
Q

laser angioplasty

A

procedure in which plaque is vaporized by pulsating beams of light through a catheter introduced into the coronary artery at the site of the blockage

may be used alone or with balloon angioplasty

143
Q

cardiac defibrillator

A

either external or implantable device that provide an electronic shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm

144
Q

cardiac pacemaker

A

small, battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm

can be either internal (permanent) or external (temporary)

145
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

manual external cardiac massage and artificial respiration used to restart the heartbeat and breathing of a patient

146
Q

commissurotomy

KAHM ih shur aht uh mee

A

surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding parts of a body structure

commonly performed to separate the thickened, adherent leaves of a stenosed mitral valve

147
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

open-heart surgery in which a piece of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage

148
Q

extracorporeal circulation (ECC)

A

use of a cardiopulmonary machine to do the work of the heart during open-heart procedures

149
Q

heart transplantation

A

removal of a diseased heart and transplantation of a donor heart when cardiace disease can no longer be treated by any other means

150
Q

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A

mechanical pump device that assists a patient’s weakened heart by pulling blood from the left ventricle into the pump and then ejecting it out into the aorta

LVADs may be used on those patients awaiting a transplant

151
Q

minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB)

A

surgical procedure in which the heart is still beating while a minimal incision is made over the blocked coronary artery, and an artery from the chest wall is used as the bypass

152
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

surgical procedure in which a catheter is threaded into the coronary artery affected by atherosclerotic heart disease

the balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated and deflated to compress the plaque against the wall of the artery and increase blood flow

stents are placed in the arteries and used to prop them open after the angioplasty

153
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

aspiration of fluid from the pericardium to treat cardiac tamponade

Fig B

154
Q

port-access coronary artery bypass (PACAB)

A

procedure in which the heart is stopped and surgery is accomplished through small incisions in the chest

155
Q

radiofrequency catheter ablation

A

destruction of abnormal cardiac electrical pathways causing arrhythmias

156
Q

transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)

A

procedure used to relieve severe angina in a patient who cannot tolerate a CABG or PTCA

with a laser, a series of holes is made in the heart tissue in the hope of increasing blood flow by stimulating new blood vessels to grow (angiogenesis)

157
Q

valvuloplasty

VAL vyoo loh plas tee

A

repair of a stenosed heart valve with the use of a balloon-tipped catheter

158
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

involves threading a catheter into the affected coronary artery and inflating and deflating a balloon at its tip to compress plaque against the wall of the artery to increase blood flow

159
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

excision of hemorrhoids

160
Q

ligation and stripping

A

tying (ligating) of varicose veins and their removal in severe cases

161
Q

sclerotherapy

A

injection of chemical solution into varicosities to cause inflammation, resulting in an obliteration of the lining of the vein

blood flow is then rerouted through adjoining vessels

162
Q

commisuro/o

A

connection

163
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

164
Q

LA

A

left atrium

165
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

166
Q

MV

A

mitral valve

167
Q

PA

A

pulmonary artery

168
Q

PV

A

pulmonary vein

169
Q

RA

A

right atrium

170
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

171
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

172
Q

TV

A

tricuspid valves

173
Q

AEB

A

atrial ectopic beat

174
Q

AF

A

atrial fibrillation

175
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

176
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

177
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block

178
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

179
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

180
Q

DOE

A

dyspnea on exertion

181
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

182
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

183
Q

MR

A

mitral regurgitation

184
Q

MS

A

mitral stenosis

185
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

186
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contraction

187
Q

PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

188
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

189
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

190
Q

SSS

A

sick sinus syndrome

191
Q

TS

A

tricuspid stenosis

192
Q

VEB

A

ventricular ectopic beat

193
Q

VF

A

ventricular fibrillation

194
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

195
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

196
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

197
Q

bpm

A

beats per minute

198
Q

CPK

A

creatinine phosphokinase

199
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

200
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiography

201
Q

EST

A

exercise stress test

202
Q

LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

203
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiogram

204
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

205
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

206
Q

ECC

A

extracorporeal circulation

207
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardiac defibrillator

208
Q

MIDCAB

A

minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass

209
Q

PACAB

A

port-access coronary artery bypass

210
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

211
Q

TMR

A

transmyocardial revascularization

212
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

213
Q

atheroma

A

a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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