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Medical Terminology > 12. Nervous System > Flashcards

12. Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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2
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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3
Q

astr/o

A

star

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4
Q

dendr/o

A

tree

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5
Q

neural functions

A
  1. Sensing: collecting data from the environment
  2. Interpreting: processing this data and choosing a response
  3. Acting: directing the body to act out that response
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6
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord, operated largely by a network of nerve cells called interneurons

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

extends from the brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body

organized first into 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

divided into afferent (sensory) or efferent (motor) nerves

also divided into somatic (controlling voluntary functions) and autonomic (controlling mostly involuntary functions)

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8
Q

afferent nerves

A

sensory nerves that carry impulses to the CNS

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9
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor nerves that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

interneurons

A

link the sensory and motor nerves by transmitting signals between them

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain characterized by personality changes, confusion, restlessness, early senility, and a loss of memory that begins as a slight disturbance and progresses to profound dementia

disrupts the neurons’ roles in communication within the system, as well as their roles in metabolism and self-repair

brain in attached photograph shows smaller brain, narrow gyri, and widened sulci in comparison with a normal brain

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12
Q

neurons

A

any of the basic conducting cells of the nervous system

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13
Q

neuroglia

nur OGG lee uh

A

supporting or stromal (connective) tissue cells of the CNS

provide a supportive function by holding neurons together and protecting them

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14
Q

astrocyte

A

a type of neuroglia that forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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15
Q

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

a network of connected neurons and blood vessels that prevents or slows the passage of harmful substances into the CNS

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16
Q

dendrite

A

one of the threadlike extensions of the cell body of a neuron to receive neural impulses - or action potentials - from a stimulus of some kind, and then delivers that impulse back to the cell body

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17
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron by which impulses travel away from the bell body

capable of conducting action potentials

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18
Q

neurotransmitter

A

any of a group of substances that travel across the synaptic cleft to inhibit or stimulate a target cell

released on excitation from the axon terminal of a neuron of the CNS or PNS

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19
Q

synapse

A

the space between the terminal fibers and the dendrites of the next cell

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

a cylindrical structure composed largely of phospholipids and protein that covers the axons of some nerves in the body

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the PNS and functions such as temperature, sleep, and appetite

the ventral portion of the diencephalon, forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle

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22
Q

cerebrum

A

the main portion of the brain, occupying the upper section of the cranial cavity

its two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and form the largest part of the CNS

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23
Q

cerebellum

A

portion of the metencephalon that is located in the posterior cranial fossa, behind the brainstem

coordinates voluntary movements

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24
Q

diencephalon

A

portion of the brain between the mesencephalon and the cerebrum

consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and including most of the third ventricle

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25
Q

brain stem

A

stalklike part of the brain comprising the medulla oblongata, pons, and mesencephalon

connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

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26
Q

thalamus

A

responsible for relaying all sensory information (except smell) and translating it into sensation of pain, temperature, and touch

part of the diencephalon

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27
Q

midbrain

A

reflex center for eye and head movements

located in the brain stem, connecting the pons and cerebellum

AKA mesencephalon

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28
Q

pons

A

located between the mesencephalon and the medulla oblongata, superior to the cerebellum

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29
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

inferiormost part of brain stem

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30
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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31
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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32
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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33
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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34
Q

gangli/o

A

ganglion

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35
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges

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36
Q

radicul/o, rhiz/o

A

nerve root

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37
Q

cord/o, myel/o

A

spinal cord

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38
Q

spin/o

A

spine

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39
Q

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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40
Q

cerebral cortex

A

a layer of gray matter and neurons located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that serves to integrate general movement, higher mental functions, perception, visceral functions, and behavioral reactions

covers both hemispheres of cerebrum

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41
Q

gyri

JYE rye

A

the winding convolutions of the surface of the brain

ridges separated from each other by sulci (grooves)

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42
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls speech and voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body

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43
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains auditory and olfactory areas

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44
Q

parietal lobe

A

controls touch and taste

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45
Q

occipital lobe

A

responsible for vision

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46
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra, where it continues into a structure called the cauda equina

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47
Q

meninges

A

the 3 gray matter membranes enveloping the spinal cord and brain;

  1. pia mater
  2. dura mater
  3. arachnoid
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48
Q

dementia

A

chronic, progressive, organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration

symptoms include confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, along with impairment of memory/judgement/impulse control

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49
Q

dura mater

A

outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the 3 membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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50
Q

subdural space

A

located beneath the dura mater and above the arachnoid

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51
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

membrane between the dura mater and pia mater

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52
Q

pia mater

A

innermost of 3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

consists of elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers

carries a rich supply of blood vessels, which nourish the nervous tissues

contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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53
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that flows through and protects the four ventricles of the brain, the spinal canal, and the subarachnoid spaces

consists primarily of secretions of the choroid plexi in the lateral ventricles and in the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain

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54
Q

plexus

A

a network of intersecting nerves and blood vessels or of lymphatic vessels

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55
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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56
Q

dermatome

A

very specific skin surface area supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve

can be mapped with each dermatome named for the spinal nerve that serves it

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57
Q

cranial nerves

A
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58
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS component that controls voluntary activities

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59
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

PNS component that controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat, stomach contractions

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60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system (PNS) that helps the individual respond to perceived stress

responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, in which heart rate and blood pressure increase, digestion slows, and sweat and adrenal glands increase secretion output

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61
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system (PNS) that sends signals that help to protect, conserve, and restore the body’s resources

responsible for the “rest and digest” response after a person has reacted to an emergency by slowing the heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing secretion of digestive juices, and relaxing muscles of the digestive system that control elimination

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62
Q

asthenia

as THEE nee ah

A

muscle weakness

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63
Q

amnesia

A

loss of memory caused by brain damage or severe emotional trauma

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64
Q

aphasia

A

lack or impairment of the ability to form or understand speech

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65
Q

dysphasia

dis FAY zsa

A

impairment of speech usually caused by an injury to the speech center area of the brain

consists of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in proper order

AKA dysarthria

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66
Q

athetosis

ath uh TOH sis

A

continuous, involuntary, slow, writhing movement of the extremities

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67
Q

aura

A

sensation that may precede an epileptic seizure or the onset of some types of headache

may be a sensation of light or warmth

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68
Q

dysphagia

dis FAY jee uh

A

condition of difficulty with swallowing

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69
Q

fasciculation

A

involuntary contraction of small, local muscles

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70
Q

gait, abnormal

A

disorder in the manner of walking

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71
Q

ataxia

uh TACK see uh

A

a lack of muscular coordination, as in cerebral palsy

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72
Q

hypokinesia

A

decrease in normal movement that may or may not be due to paralysis

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73
Q

spasm

A

involuntary muscle contraction of sudden onset

ex: hiccups, tics, and stuttering

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74
Q

tremors

A

rhythmic, quicvering, purposeless skeletal muscle movements

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75
Q

paresthesia

A

feeling of prickling, burning, or numbness

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76
Q

parasomnia

A

disorder of sleep

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77
Q

hypersomnia

A

excessive depth or length of sleep

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78
Q

insomnia

A

inability to sleep or stay asleep

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79
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

80
Q

seizure

A

neuromuscular reaction to abnormal electrical activity within the brain

causes include fever or epilepsy

AKA convulsions

81
Q

tonic clonic (grand mal)

A

type of seizure accompanied by temporary loss of consciousness and severe muscle spasms

82
Q

absence seizures (petit mal)

A

type of seizure accompanied by loss of consciousness exhibited by unresponsiveness for short periods without muscle involvement

83
Q

status epilepticus

A

condition of intense, unrelenting, life-threatening seizures

84
Q

syncope

A

fainting

85
Q

vasovagal attack

A

a form of syncope that results from abrupt emotional stress involving the vagus nerve’s effect on blood vessels

86
Q

tremor

A

rhythmic, quivering, purposeless skeletal muscle movement seen in some elderly individuals and in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders

87
Q

vertigo

A

dizziness, sensation of spinning

88
Q

Romberg sign

A

an indication of loss of the sense of position, in which the patient loses balance when standing erect, feet together, and eyes closed

89
Q

acalculia

ay kal KYOO lee ah

A

inability to perform mathematical calculations

90
Q

ageusia

ag GOO zsa

A

absence of the ability to taste

91
Q

parageusia

pair ah GOO zsa

A

abnormal sense of taste or a bade taste in the mouth

92
Q

agnosia

ag NOH zsa

A

inability to recognize objects visually, auditorially, or with other senses

93
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

94
Q

anosmia

an NAHZ mee ah

A

lack of sense of smell

95
Q

apraxia

ah PRACK see ah

A

inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately

96
Q

dyslexia

A

inability or difficulty with reading and/or writing

97
Q

spina bifida

SPY nah BIFF uh dah

A

congenital condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows the protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord (meningocele)

98
Q

meningocele

meh NIN goh seel

A

saclike hernial protrusion of the meninges through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column

99
Q

meningomyelocele

A

a herniation of the meninges and spinal cord through an opening in the spinal column

100
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

motor function disorder as a result of permanent, nonprogressive brain defect or lesion caused perinatally

neural deficits may include paralysis, ataxia, athetosis, seizures, and/or impairment of sensory functions

101
Q

Huntington chorea

A

inherited disorder that manifests itself in adulthood as a progressive loss of neural control, uncontrollable jerking movements, and dementia

102
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain

may or may not result in mental retardation

103
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin

characterized by an enzyme deficiency that results in CNS deterioration

104
Q

hematoma

HEM uh toh ma

A

localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel

this bleeding causes pressure on the area of the brain where the hematoma has formed

105
Q

coma

A

deep, prolonged state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused

usually the result of a head injury, neurologic disease, acute hydrocephalus, intoxication, or metabolic abnormalities

106
Q

concussion

A

serious head injury characterized by one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, amnesia, seizures, or a change in mental status

107
Q

contusion, cerebral

A

head injury of sufficient force to bruise the brain

bruising of the brain often involves the brain surface and causes extravasation of blood without rupture of the pia-arachnoid

often associated with a concussion

108
Q

extravasation

A

a discharge or escape of blood, lymph, or other fluid, normally found in a tube or vessel, into the surrounding tissues

109
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

ay mye oh TROH fick

A

degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons, in which patients exhibit progressive asthenia and muscle atrophy

AKA Lou Gehrig disease

110
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

gee YAN bar AY

A

autoimmune disorder of acute polyneuritis producing profound myasthenia that may lead to paralysis

111
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of the myelin sheaths on the CNS neurons (demyelination or demyelinization) and their abnormal replacement by the gradual accumulation of hardened plaques

may be progressive or characterized by remissions and relapses

idiopathic

112
Q

Parkinson disease (PD)

A

progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors; fasciculations; slow, shuffling gait; hypokinesia; dysphasia; and dysphagia

113
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

paralysis of the facial nerve

etiology unknown

condition usually (but not always) resolves on its own within 6 mos

114
Q

epilepsy

A

group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following: recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior, and/or loss of consciousness

115
Q

narcolepsy

A

disorder characterized by sudden attacks of sleep

116
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements, and involuntary vocalizations, including coprolalia (the use of vulgar, obscene, or sacrilegious language)

117
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain, most frequently cased by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito

118
Q

meningitis

A

any infection of inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, most commonly due to bacterial infection, although more severe strains are viral or fungal in nature

119
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of the nerves

120
Q

polyneuritis

A

inflammation of many nerves

121
Q

radiculitis

A

inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve

122
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

symptoms include pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg

123
Q

shingles

A

acute infection caused by the latent varicella (herpes zoster) virus, characterized by the development of vesicular skin eruption underlying the route of cranial or spinal nerves

AKA herpes zoster

124
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion from a thrombus or embolus, or as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage

results of a stroke depend on the duration and location of the ischemia. These sequelae may include paralysis, weakness, speech defects, sensory changes that last more than 24 hours, or death

AKA stroke, brain attack, cerebral infarction, apoplexy (app poh PLECK see)

125
Q

migraine

A

headache of vascular origin

may be classified as migrane with aura or migraine without aura

126
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

has the same mechanisms as a CVA, but the sequelae resolve and disappear within 24 hours

AKA mini-stroke

127
Q

diplegia

dye PLEE jee ah

A

paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body

128
Q

hemiparesis

hem mee pah REE sis

A

muscular weakness of slight paralysis on the left or right side of the body

129
Q

hemiplegia

hem mee PLEE jee ah

A

paralysis on the left or right side of the body

130
Q

monoparesis

mah noh pah REE sis

A

weakness or slight paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body

131
Q

monoplegia

A

paralysis of one lim on the left or right side of the body

132
Q

paralysis

A

loss of muscle function, sensation, or both

may be described according to which side if affected and whether it is the dominant or nondominant side

133
Q

paraparesis

A

slight paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk

134
Q

paraplegia

pair uh PLEE jyuh

A

paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk

135
Q

quadriparesis

A

weakness or slight paralysis of the arms, legs, and trunk

136
Q

quadriplegia

kwah drih PLEE jya

A

parlaysis of arms, legs, and trunk

137
Q

meningioma

A

slow growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges

although benign, may cause problems bc of size and location

138
Q

neurofibroma

A

benign fibrous tumors composed of nervous tissue

139
Q

neuroma

A

benign tumor of the nerves

140
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor arising from star-shaped glial cells

most common in the cerebrum in adults

in children, these arise from the brainstem, cerebrum, or cerebellum

AKA glioblastoma multiforme

141
Q

medulloablastoma

A

malignant tumor arising from embryonic tissue in the cerebellum

most commonly seen in children

142
Q

neuroblastoma

A

highly maligant tumor arising from either tha autonomic nervous system or the adrenal medulla

usually affects children under the age of 10

143
Q

para-

A

abnormal

144
Q

gnos/o

A

knowledge

145
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

146
Q

ischem/o

A

to hold back

147
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

148
Q

esthesi/o

A

feeling

149
Q

-fida

A

split

150
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

151
Q

geus/o

A

taste

152
Q

prax/o

A

purposeful movement

153
Q

-cephalus

A

head

154
Q

phas/o

A

speech

155
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

156
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

157
Q

brain scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure involving intravenous injection of radioisotopes to localize and identify intracranial masses, lesions, tumors, or infarcts

photography is done by a scintillator or scanner

158
Q

cerebral angiography

A

radiographs of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium

AKA cerebral arteriography

159
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

transverse sections of the CNS are imaged, sometimes after the injection of a contrast medium (unless there is suspected bleeding)

used to diagnose strokes, edema, tumors, and hemorrhage resulting from trauma

160
Q

echoencephalography

A

ultrasound exam of the brain, usually done only on newborns, bc sound waves do not readily penetrate bone

161
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

imaging of the carotid arteries using injected contrast agents

162
Q

myelography

A

radiographs of the spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopaque substance

163
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

use of radionuclides and sophisticated computerized scanner to demonstrate brain functions

measurements can be taken of blood flow, volume, and oxygen and glucose uptake, enabling radiologists to determine the functional characteristics of specific parts of the brain

used to assist in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and stroke

164
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

an injection of a radioactive sugar substance that is metabolized by the brain, which is then scanned for abnormalities

165
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

record of the electricla activity of the brain

may be used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, infection, and coma

166
Q

evoked potential (EP)

A

electrical response from the brainstem or cerebral cortex that is produced in response to specific stimuli

results in a distrinctive pattern on an EEG

167
Q

multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)

A

consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep

used to diagnose or rule out narcolepsy

168
Q

nerve conduction test

A

test of the functioning of peripheral nerves

conduction time (impulse travel) through a nerve is measured after a stimulus is applied

used to diagnose polyneuropathies

169
Q

polysomnography (PSG)

A

measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep (cardiac, muscular, brain, ocular, and respiratory functions)

most often use dto diagnose sleep apnea

170
Q

Babinski reflex

A

in normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated

171
Q

Babinski sign

A

the loss or dimunition of the Achilles tendon reflex seen in sciatica

172
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities

useful in diagnosing hemorrhages, tumors, and various diseases

173
Q

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

assessment of an automatic motor response by striking a tendon

useful in the diagnosis of stroke

174
Q

gait assessment rating scale (GARS)

A

inventory of 16 aspects of gait to determine abnormalities

may be used as one method to evaluate cerebellar function

175
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

procedure to aspirate CSF from the lumbar subarachnoid space

a needle is inserted b/w 2 lumbar verebrae to withdraw the fluid for diagnostic purposes

AKA spinal tap

176
Q

craniectomy

A

removal of part of the skull

177
Q

craniotomy

A

incision into the skull as a surgical approach or to relieve intracranial pressure

AKA trephination

178
Q

CSF shunt

A

tube implanted in the brain to relieve the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of hydrocephalus

Fig A

179
Q

stereotaxic radiosurgery

A

surgery using radiowaves to localize structures within 3-D space

Fig B

180
Q

ganglionectomy

A

removal of a ganglion

181
Q

vagotomy

vay GAH tuh mee

A

cutting of a branch of the vagus nerve to reduce the secretion of gastric acid

182
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

removal of the atheromatous plaque lining the carotid artery to increase the blood flow and leave a smooth surface

done to prevent thrombotic occlusions

183
Q

microsurgery

A

surgery in which magnification is used to repair delicate tissues

184
Q

nerve block

A

use of anesthesia to prevent sensory nerve impulses from reaching the CNS

185
Q

neurectomy

A

excision of part or all of a nerve

186
Q

neurolysis

A

destruction of a nerve

187
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of a nerve

188
Q

neurorrhaphy

noo ROAR ah fee

A

suture of a severed nerve

189
Q

neurotomy

A

inciscion of a nerve

190
Q

cordotomy

A

incision of the spinal cord to relieve pain

191
Q

rhizotomy

RYE zah tuh mee

A

resection of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve to relieve pain

192
Q

sympathectomy

sim puh THECK tuh mee

A

surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic pathways for the relief of chronic pain or to promote vasodilation

193
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

method of pain control affected by the application of electrical impulses to the skin

194
Q

crani/o

A

cranium, skull

195
Q

stere/o

A

3-D

196
Q

tax/o

A

order, arrangement

197
Q
A

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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