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Medical Terminology > 17. Pharmacology > Flashcards

17. Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cavit/o

A

cavity

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2
Q

chem/o

A

drug, chemical

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3
Q

cid/o

A

to kill

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4
Q

cras/o

A

mixture

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5
Q

cutane/o, dermat/o

A

skin

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6
Q

dynam/o

A

power

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7
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

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8
Q

erg/o

A

work

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9
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment

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10
Q

idi/o

A

individual, unique

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11
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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12
Q

muscul/o

A

muscle

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13
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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14
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

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15
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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16
Q

sept/o

A

infection

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17
Q

thec/o

A

sheath, meninges

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18
Q

topic/o

A

surface, location

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19
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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20
Q

-kinetic

A

pertaining to the process of movement

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21
Q

contra-

A

against, opposite

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22
Q

par-

A

near, abnormal

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23
Q

sub-

A

under

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24
Q

syn-

A

together

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25
Q

drug

A

substance that is used to treat, diagnose, cure, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition

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26
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.)

A

independent body that reviews drugs as clinically useful and pure

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27
Q

toxicology

A

harmful effects of drugs on the body

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28
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

drugs effects on the body

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29
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

drug concentration (disposition) in tissues and blood over time

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30
Q

molecular pharmacology

A

subcellular drug interactions

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31
Q

medicinal chemistry

A

new drug synthesis and biological effects vs. chemical structure

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32
Q

chemical name

A

chemical formula of drug

official drug name is the generic name

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33
Q

oral administration

A

most convenient form of administration, by mouth

slower than most other forms and requires that the drug withstand the digestive system’s challenges

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34
Q

sublingual administration

A

drugs are dissolved under the tongue rather than swallowed

bypassess the slower, more cumbersome digestive route and is valuable when time is crucial

ex: nitroglycerin for treatment of angina

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35
Q

rectal administration

A

involves insertion of a suppository or solution into the rectum

helpful when patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting and cannot tolerate swallowing

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36
Q

parenteral administration

A

any route that avoids the digestive tract

most commonly associated with parenteral injections

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37
Q

transdermal patches/ointments

A

designed to control the release of drugs directly into the systemic circulation

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38
Q

subcutaneous injection

A

a hypodermic needle is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually in the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen

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39
Q

intradermal injection

A

made into the upper layers of the skin

used for allergy testing and TB screening

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40
Q

intramuscular (IM) injection

A

goes into muscle tissue

a common site for vaccinations

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41
Q

intravenous (IV) injection

A

given directly into the vein for an almost immediate effect

used most commonly in hospital settings

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42
Q

intrathecal injection

A

drug is delivered into the space underlying the meninges of the spinal cord and brain

ex: chemotherapy

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43
Q

intracavitary injection

A

made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal cavity or the pleural cavity

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44
Q

topical application

A

application of a spray, ointment, cream, lotion, or transdermal patch to deliver drugs through the skin

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45
Q

inhalation administration

A

involves the patient inhaling a vapor or gas through the nose or mouth

medication is absorbed through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lung, often through the use of an aerosol which suspends drug particles in air

pulmonary route

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46
Q

b.i.d. (bis in die)

A

two times per day

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47
Q

t.i.d. (ter in die)

A

three times per day

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48
Q

q.i.d. (quater in die)

A

four times per day

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49
Q

a.c. (ante cibum)

A

before meal

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50
Q

p.c. (post cibum)

A

after food

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51
Q

qAM

A

every morning

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52
Q

qPM

A

every evening

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53
Q

qhs

A

every bedtime

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54
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

55
Q

p.o.

A

by mouth

56
Q

prn

A

as needed

57
Q

ad lib

A

as desired

58
Q

absorption

A

the first process of of a drug’s action: passing into the bloodstream

59
Q

distribution/transport

A

once in the bloodstream, the drug moves toward its target receptor by moving across cell membranes

60
Q

drug metabolism

A

the changes the drug undergoes within the body

61
Q

excretion

A

drug’s elimination from the body

62
Q

additive effect

A

combination of the effects of 2 or more drugs taken together

63
Q

potentiation

A

synergism

drugs given in combination cause an effect that is even greater than the sum of the individual effects if each were given alone

64
Q

drug toxicity

A

the poisonous or dangerous effects of some drugs

65
Q

idiosyncrasy

A

an unexpected effect of a drug

may be mild, hardly toxic, or severely toxic

66
Q

anaphylaxis

A

acute hypersensitivity that is life-threatening

67
Q

iatrogenic effects

eye at troh jen ick

A

an adverse condition that results from treatment

effects produced by treatment itself or as a result of errors/individual sensitivity

ex: nausea, vomiting, and alopecia that routinely accompany cancer chemotherapy

68
Q

side effects

A

predictable toxic effects that are considered tolerable (advantages of drug use outweigh the disadvantages)

69
Q

contraindications

A

features that make using the drug unwise where the risks outweigh the benefits

70
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

71
Q

analgesic

ann uhl JEES ick

A

drugs that relieve pain

ranges from mild to potent

72
Q

narcotics

A

one of the most potent analgesics

73
Q

opioids

A

used to relieve only the most severe pain

derived from opium and induce a near unconsciousness that inhibits mental and physical activity

can be habit-forming and induce tolerance with each use

ex: morphine

74
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

non-narcotic analgesics

work by inhibiting the prostaglandins that sensitize our peripheral pain receptors

reduce fever, pain, and inflammation w/o exposing patient to steroid hormones such as cortisone

75
Q

alges/o

A

pain

76
Q

emet/o

A

vomiting

77
Q

narc/o

A

numbness, stupor, sleep

78
Q

por/o

A

porous, space

79
Q

vir/o

A

virus

80
Q

-coagulant

A

clotting

81
Q

-emetic

A

pertaining to vomiting

82
Q

-static

A

pertaining to controlling

83
Q

anesthetics

A

reduce or eliminate our sensitivity to all kinds of sensation

local anesthetics inhibit nerve conduction in a single region (ex: novocaine)

general anesthetics can depress the activity of the CNS and produce a loss of consciousness

84
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

inhibit bacteria, fungi, or parasites

85
Q

bactericidal antibiotics

A

kills rather than inhibits bacteria, fungi, or parasites

86
Q

antiviral drugs

A

kills viruses or inhibits their replication

87
Q

anticoagulant

A

prevent clotting (coagulation) in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism, or in blood used for transfusions

ex: heparin, warfarin

88
Q

antiplatelet

A

reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together

helpful in coronary artery disease

ex: aspirin

89
Q

tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

an anticoagulant that can dissolve clots in the coronary arteries after a myocardial infarction, thus reopening the pathway for blood flow

90
Q

anticonvulsant

A

depresses or prevents abnormal spontaneous brain activity, thus reducing or preventing convulsions w/o affecting normal brain function

91
Q

sulfonylureas

A

oral antidiabetic drugs that lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin production

92
Q

biguanides

A

oral antidiabetic drugs that increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and reduce liver production of glucose

93
Q

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

oral antidiabetic drugs that temporarily blocks enzymes that digest sugars

94
Q

thiazolidinediones

A

oral antidiabetic drugs that enhance glucose uptake

95
Q

meglitinides

A

oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin

96
Q

basal insulin

A

long-acting

97
Q

NPH insulin

A

medium acting

98
Q

regular insulin

A

short acting

99
Q

antihistamines

A

any substance capable of counteracting the effects of histamine by blocking either H1 or H2 histamine receptors

can relieve the symptoms of anaphylaxis

100
Q

emetic

A

drug that induces vomiting

101
Q

bisphosphonates

A

antiosteoporosis drugs that prevent bone loss

102
Q

selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

A

these drugs bind to estrogen receptors in bones

has estrogen-like effects on bone and blood lipids to reduce blood cholesterol and the risk of osteoporosis w/o estrogen’s effects on uterine and breast tissues

antiosteoporosis drugs that increase bone formation

103
Q

antiosteoporosis drugs

A

help prevent abnormal loss of bone density and increase calcium deposition in bone

ex: calcium, vitamin D, estrogen

104
Q

antidepressants

A

relieve depression by elevating mood, increasing activity and alertness, and improving appetite and sleep patterns

105
Q

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

A

increase available neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses b/w nerve cells

106
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

increase available neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses b/w nerve cells

107
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

help neurotransmitters to work longer by blocking their natural inhibitor, the enzyme monoamine oxidase

108
Q

nitroglycerin

A

dilates coronary blood vessels, slows heart rate, and puts more force into the heart’s contractions

109
Q

digoxin

A

can control arrhythmias by slowing the heart rate

used to treat congestive heart failure by helping the heart to pump more forcefully

110
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)

A

improves the heart’s performance and reduce its workload as well as keep the blood vessels dilated to lower blood pressure

these work by preventing angiotensin I from converting to the powerful vasoconstrictor angiotensin II to help treat HTN, congestive heart failure, and a history of heart attack

111
Q

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

A

lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

112
Q

beta-blockers

A

act as vasodilators by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart and blood vessels to reduce blood pressure and decrease muscle tone in blood vessels, increasing the output of the heart

also work to decrease the number of contractions of the heart, decreasing the heart rate to improve the output and workload of the heart

113
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

dilate the blood vessels to lower blood pressure

useful in treating angina and arrhythmias

114
Q

antiarrhythmics

A

can reverse abnormal heart rhythms by slowing the response of heart muscle to nervous stimulation or by slowing the rate at which nervous system impulses are carried through the heart

115
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

A

reduces choelsterol production in the liver

116
Q

diuretics

A

used to reduce blood volume by stimulating the kidney to remove water and salt through urine

117
Q

bronchodilators

A

open the air passages or bronchial tubes

used to treat respiratory disorders such as emphysema, asthma, and infections like pneumonia and bronchitis

often administered eithe rintranasally or by oral inhalation

118
Q

leukotriene modifiers

A

prevent asthma attacks by blocking the bronchoconstrictor leukotriene from binding to respiratory tissue receptors

119
Q

androgens

A

hormones that are normally produced by the testes and adrenal glands

use for male hormone replacement therapy, endometriosis, and breast cancer

120
Q

flutamide

A

an antiandrogen useful in the treatment of prostate cancer

121
Q

tamoxifen

A

an anti-estrogen drug used to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and to treat metastatic breast cancer

122
Q

aromatase inhibitors

A

reduce the amount of estrogen (estradiol) in the blood

123
Q

progestins

A

endocrine drugs used as part of hormone replacement therapies and as oral contraceptives

used to reduce abnormal uterine bleeding and hormonal imbalances

in its natural state, the hormone progestin affects the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

124
Q

adrenal corticosteroids

A

have a wide range of uses in treating inflammation, arthritis, GI/skin/respiratory/blood disorders, cancer

125
Q

thyroid hormones

A
126
Q

cathartic agent

A

used to either relieve constipation or promote defecation for diagnostic or treatment procedures

are either laxatives (mild) or purgatives (strong)

can act by:

  1. increasing intestinal salts, which encouraged fluid to fill the intestines
  2. increasing fecal bulk, which prompts movement in the intestinal wall (peristalsis)
  3. lubricating the intestinal tract to soften stools
127
Q

antiemetics

A

reduce nausea and vomiting

128
Q

benzodiazepines

A

mild tranquilizer that help control minor anxiety symptoms

129
Q

phenothiazines

A

major tranquilizers that control more severe behavior disturbances and disorders

130
Q

amphetamines

A

a type of stimulant used to prevent narcolepsy, suppress appetite, and to calm hyperkinetic children

131
Q

stimulants

A

speed up vital processes in the heart and respiratory system as well as increase alertness

used in emergency cases of shock and collapse, or in nonemergency cases of inhibiting hyperactive behaviors

132
Q

IgG

A

immunoglobulin G

133
Q

antidote

A

an agent that counteracts an unwanted drug effect

134
Q

chemotherapy

A

uses drugs (chemicals) that destroy harmful microorganisms, parasites, and malignant cells as a treatment

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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