17. Pharmacology Flashcards
cavit/o
cavity
chem/o
drug, chemical
cid/o
to kill
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o, dermat/o
skin
dynam/o
power
enter/o
small intestine
erg/o
work
iatr/o
treatment
idi/o
individual, unique
lingu/o
tongue
muscul/o
muscle
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
rect/o
rectum
sept/o
infection
thec/o
sheath, meninges
topic/o
surface, location
toxic/o
poison
-kinetic
pertaining to the process of movement
contra-
against, opposite
par-
near, abnormal
sub-
under
syn-
together
drug
substance that is used to treat, diagnose, cure, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition
United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.)
independent body that reviews drugs as clinically useful and pure
toxicology
harmful effects of drugs on the body
pharmacodynamics
drugs effects on the body
pharmacokinetics
drug concentration (disposition) in tissues and blood over time
molecular pharmacology
subcellular drug interactions
medicinal chemistry
new drug synthesis and biological effects vs. chemical structure
chemical name
chemical formula of drug
official drug name is the generic name
oral administration
most convenient form of administration, by mouth
slower than most other forms and requires that the drug withstand the digestive system’s challenges
sublingual administration
drugs are dissolved under the tongue rather than swallowed
bypassess the slower, more cumbersome digestive route and is valuable when time is crucial
ex: nitroglycerin for treatment of angina
rectal administration
involves insertion of a suppository or solution into the rectum
helpful when patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting and cannot tolerate swallowing
parenteral administration
any route that avoids the digestive tract
most commonly associated with parenteral injections
transdermal patches/ointments
designed to control the release of drugs directly into the systemic circulation
subcutaneous injection
a hypodermic needle is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually in the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen
intradermal injection
made into the upper layers of the skin
used for allergy testing and TB screening
intramuscular (IM) injection
goes into muscle tissue
a common site for vaccinations
intravenous (IV) injection
given directly into the vein for an almost immediate effect
used most commonly in hospital settings
intrathecal injection
drug is delivered into the space underlying the meninges of the spinal cord and brain
ex: chemotherapy
intracavitary injection
made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal cavity or the pleural cavity
topical application
application of a spray, ointment, cream, lotion, or transdermal patch to deliver drugs through the skin
inhalation administration
involves the patient inhaling a vapor or gas through the nose or mouth
medication is absorbed through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lung, often through the use of an aerosol which suspends drug particles in air
pulmonary route
b.i.d. (bis in die)
two times per day
t.i.d. (ter in die)
three times per day
q.i.d. (quater in die)
four times per day
a.c. (ante cibum)
before meal
p.c. (post cibum)
after food
qAM
every morning
qPM
every evening
qhs
every bedtime
NPO
nothing by mouth
p.o.
by mouth
prn
as needed
ad lib
as desired
absorption
the first process of of a drug’s action: passing into the bloodstream
distribution/transport
once in the bloodstream, the drug moves toward its target receptor by moving across cell membranes
drug metabolism
the changes the drug undergoes within the body
excretion
drug’s elimination from the body
additive effect
combination of the effects of 2 or more drugs taken together
potentiation
synergism
drugs given in combination cause an effect that is even greater than the sum of the individual effects if each were given alone
drug toxicity
the poisonous or dangerous effects of some drugs
idiosyncrasy
an unexpected effect of a drug
may be mild, hardly toxic, or severely toxic
anaphylaxis
acute hypersensitivity that is life-threatening
iatrogenic effects
eye at troh jen ick
an adverse condition that results from treatment
effects produced by treatment itself or as a result of errors/individual sensitivity
ex: nausea, vomiting, and alopecia that routinely accompany cancer chemotherapy
side effects
predictable toxic effects that are considered tolerable (advantages of drug use outweigh the disadvantages)
contraindications
features that make using the drug unwise where the risks outweigh the benefits
-phylaxis
protection
analgesic
ann uhl JEES ick
drugs that relieve pain
ranges from mild to potent
narcotics
one of the most potent analgesics
opioids
used to relieve only the most severe pain
derived from opium and induce a near unconsciousness that inhibits mental and physical activity
can be habit-forming and induce tolerance with each use
ex: morphine
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
non-narcotic analgesics
work by inhibiting the prostaglandins that sensitize our peripheral pain receptors
reduce fever, pain, and inflammation w/o exposing patient to steroid hormones such as cortisone
alges/o
pain
emet/o
vomiting
narc/o
numbness, stupor, sleep
por/o
porous, space
vir/o
virus
-coagulant
clotting
-emetic
pertaining to vomiting
-static
pertaining to controlling
anesthetics
reduce or eliminate our sensitivity to all kinds of sensation
local anesthetics inhibit nerve conduction in a single region (ex: novocaine)
general anesthetics can depress the activity of the CNS and produce a loss of consciousness
bacteriostatic antibiotics
inhibit bacteria, fungi, or parasites
bactericidal antibiotics
kills rather than inhibits bacteria, fungi, or parasites
antiviral drugs
kills viruses or inhibits their replication
anticoagulant
prevent clotting (coagulation) in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism, or in blood used for transfusions
ex: heparin, warfarin
antiplatelet
reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together
helpful in coronary artery disease
ex: aspirin
tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)
an anticoagulant that can dissolve clots in the coronary arteries after a myocardial infarction, thus reopening the pathway for blood flow
anticonvulsant
depresses or prevents abnormal spontaneous brain activity, thus reducing or preventing convulsions w/o affecting normal brain function
sulfonylureas
oral antidiabetic drugs that lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin production
biguanides
oral antidiabetic drugs that increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and reduce liver production of glucose
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
oral antidiabetic drugs that temporarily blocks enzymes that digest sugars
thiazolidinediones
oral antidiabetic drugs that enhance glucose uptake
meglitinides
oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin
basal insulin
long-acting
NPH insulin
medium acting
regular insulin
short acting
antihistamines
any substance capable of counteracting the effects of histamine by blocking either H1 or H2 histamine receptors
can relieve the symptoms of anaphylaxis
emetic
drug that induces vomiting
bisphosphonates
antiosteoporosis drugs that prevent bone loss
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
these drugs bind to estrogen receptors in bones
has estrogen-like effects on bone and blood lipids to reduce blood cholesterol and the risk of osteoporosis w/o estrogen’s effects on uterine and breast tissues
antiosteoporosis drugs that increase bone formation
antiosteoporosis drugs
help prevent abnormal loss of bone density and increase calcium deposition in bone
ex: calcium, vitamin D, estrogen
antidepressants
relieve depression by elevating mood, increasing activity and alertness, and improving appetite and sleep patterns
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
increase available neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses b/w nerve cells
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
increase available neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses b/w nerve cells
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
help neurotransmitters to work longer by blocking their natural inhibitor, the enzyme monoamine oxidase
nitroglycerin
dilates coronary blood vessels, slows heart rate, and puts more force into the heart’s contractions
digoxin
can control arrhythmias by slowing the heart rate
used to treat congestive heart failure by helping the heart to pump more forcefully
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
improves the heart’s performance and reduce its workload as well as keep the blood vessels dilated to lower blood pressure
these work by preventing angiotensin I from converting to the powerful vasoconstrictor angiotensin II to help treat HTN, congestive heart failure, and a history of heart attack
angiotensin II receptor antagonists
lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
beta-blockers
act as vasodilators by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart and blood vessels to reduce blood pressure and decrease muscle tone in blood vessels, increasing the output of the heart
also work to decrease the number of contractions of the heart, decreasing the heart rate to improve the output and workload of the heart
calcium channel blockers
dilate the blood vessels to lower blood pressure
useful in treating angina and arrhythmias
antiarrhythmics
can reverse abnormal heart rhythms by slowing the response of heart muscle to nervous stimulation or by slowing the rate at which nervous system impulses are carried through the heart
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
reduces choelsterol production in the liver
diuretics
used to reduce blood volume by stimulating the kidney to remove water and salt through urine
bronchodilators
open the air passages or bronchial tubes
used to treat respiratory disorders such as emphysema, asthma, and infections like pneumonia and bronchitis
often administered eithe rintranasally or by oral inhalation
leukotriene modifiers
prevent asthma attacks by blocking the bronchoconstrictor leukotriene from binding to respiratory tissue receptors
androgens
hormones that are normally produced by the testes and adrenal glands
use for male hormone replacement therapy, endometriosis, and breast cancer
flutamide
an antiandrogen useful in the treatment of prostate cancer
tamoxifen
an anti-estrogen drug used to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and to treat metastatic breast cancer
aromatase inhibitors
reduce the amount of estrogen (estradiol) in the blood
progestins
endocrine drugs used as part of hormone replacement therapies and as oral contraceptives
used to reduce abnormal uterine bleeding and hormonal imbalances
in its natural state, the hormone progestin affects the lining of the uterus during pregnancy
adrenal corticosteroids
have a wide range of uses in treating inflammation, arthritis, GI/skin/respiratory/blood disorders, cancer
thyroid hormones
cathartic agent
used to either relieve constipation or promote defecation for diagnostic or treatment procedures
are either laxatives (mild) or purgatives (strong)
can act by:
- increasing intestinal salts, which encouraged fluid to fill the intestines
- increasing fecal bulk, which prompts movement in the intestinal wall (peristalsis)
- lubricating the intestinal tract to soften stools
antiemetics
reduce nausea and vomiting
benzodiazepines
mild tranquilizer that help control minor anxiety symptoms
phenothiazines
major tranquilizers that control more severe behavior disturbances and disorders
amphetamines
a type of stimulant used to prevent narcolepsy, suppress appetite, and to calm hyperkinetic children
stimulants
speed up vital processes in the heart and respiratory system as well as increase alertness
used in emergency cases of shock and collapse, or in nonemergency cases of inhibiting hyperactive behaviors
IgG
immunoglobulin G
antidote
an agent that counteracts an unwanted drug effect
chemotherapy
uses drugs (chemicals) that destroy harmful microorganisms, parasites, and malignant cells as a treatment
