6. Urinary System Flashcards
cali/o, calic/o, calyc/o
calyx (calyces), calix
KAY licks
extension of the ureter inside the kidney
cellul/o, cyt/o
cell
chlor/o
chloride
cortic/o
cortex
the outer layer of a body structure, as differentiated from the internal substance
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glow MAIR yoo lus
tiny ball of capillaries that filter blood into the opening of a nephron
hil/o
hilum
notch through which renal artery enters and the ureter & renal vein leave the kidney
nephr/o, ren/o
kidney
meat/o
meatus
general term for a passageway or opening in the body
medull/o
medulla
meh DULL ah
general term for the innermost part of a structure or organ
kal/i, potassi/o
potassium
peritone/o
peritoneum
pyel/o
renal pelvis
home/o
same
natr/o
sodium
trigon/o
trigone
TRY gohn
triangular part of the bladder between the ureters’ entrance and the urethral outlet
ureter/o
ureter
pair of fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder each tube divides into a pelvic part and an abdominal part
urethr/o
urethra
point of exit for excreting urine from the body
cyst/o, vesic/o
urinary bladder, sac
ur/o, urin/o
urine, urinary system
-stasis
controlling, stabilizing
extra-
outside
anuria
ann YOOR ee ah
condition of no urine
diuresis
increased volume of urine
condition of increased formation and excretion of urine, of large volumes of urine
caffeine and alcohol are diuretics (i.e., they increase the amount of urine produced)
dysuria
condition of painful urination
enuresis
en yoor EE sis
involuntary urination, can be nocturnal or diurnal
AKA bedwetting
incontinence
inability to hold urine
nocturia
nock TOOR ee ah
condition of excessive urination at night
oliguria
ah lig GYOOR ee ah
condition of scanty urination
polydipsia
pah lee DIP see ah
conditions of excessive thirst usually accompanied by polyuria
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
retention
inability to release urine
urgency
intense sensation of the need to urinate immediately
albuminuria
al BYOO min yur ee ah
albumin in the urine
AKA proteinuria
abscess
cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue
azotemia
eh zoh TEE mee ah
condition of excessive urea in the blood indicating nonfunctioning kidneys
AKA uremia
azoturia
a zoh TOOR ee ah
excessive nitrogenous compounds, such as urea, in the urine
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
edema
accumulation of fluid in the tissues can results from kidney failure
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
hematuria
hee mah TOOR ee ah
blood in the urine
hypertension
condition of high blood pressure
pyuria
pus in the urine
diabetes insipidus (DI)
deficiency of antidiuretic (ADH) hormone, which causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia)
diabetes mellitus
meh LYE tus
metabolic disease caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, water and electrolyte loss, ketoacidosis, and possible eventual coma
polycystic kidney disease
inherited disorder characterized by an enlargement of the kidneys caused by many bilateral renal cysts that reduce functioning of renal tissue
renal colic
severe pain associated with stones lodged in the ureter
a stone in the ureter often begins as side pain (flank pain) before shifting to the lower back
urolithiasis
yoo ro lih THIGH uh sis
stones anywhere in the urinary tract, but usually in the renal pelvis or urinary bladder
usually formed in patients with an excess of the mineral calcium
AKA urinary calculi
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection anywhere in the urinary system, caused most commonly by bacteria, but also by parasites, yeast, and protozoa most frequently occurring disorder in the urinary system
glomerulonephritis
gloh MER yoo loh neh FRY tis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema
hydronephrosis
hye droh neh FROH sis
dilation of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine
nephritic syndrome
group of signs and symptoms of a urinary tract disorder, including hematuria, HTN, and renal failure
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney a general term that does not specify the location of the inflammation or the cause
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney
often caused by a drug rxn, frequently inducing poor renal function, fever, skin rash, and eosinophils in the blood/urine
nephropathy
disease of the kidneys a general term that does not specify a disorder
nephroptosis
prolapse or sagging of the kidney
nephrotic syndrome
abnormal group of symptoms in the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema may occur in glomerular disease and as a complication of many systemic diseases (e.g., DM)
AKA nephrosis
pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney
usually the result of lower urinary tract infection
renal failure
inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes may be acute or chronic
acute renal failure (ARF)
sudden inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, resulting from hemorrhage, trauma, burns, toxic injury to the kidney, pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis, or lower urinary tract obstruction characterized by oliguria and rapid azotemia
chronic renal failure (CRF)
long-term inability of the kidney to excrete wastes
renal hypertension
high blood pressure secondary to kidney disease
renal sclerosis
hardening of the arteries of the kidneys
AKA nephrosclerosis
renal adenoma
small, slow-growing noncancerous tumors of the kidney, usually found at autopsy
renal oncocytoma
the most common benign solid renal tumor
transitional cell papilloma
benign tumor of the bladder
can become malignant on recurrence
renal cell carcinoma
10th most common cancer
although cause is unknown, risk factors include smoking and obesity
AKA hypernephroma or adenocarcinoma
nephroblastoma
malignant tumors that develop from kidney cells that did not develop fully before childbirth and thus occur mainly in children
AKA Wilms tumor
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder
malignant tumors that comprise approximately 90% of all bladder cancers and arise from the cells lining the bladder
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystocele
SIS toh seel
herniation of the urinary bladder
ureterocele
yoo REE tur oh seel
prolapse of the terminal end of the ureter into the bladder
urethral stenosis
narrowing of the urethra AKA urethral stricture
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
vesicoureteral reflux
abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter
intravenous urography (IVU)
radiographic imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done with a contrast medium
AKA intravenous pyelography (IVP)
kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB)
radiographic imaging of the kidney, ureters, and bladder without a contrast medium
see Figure A
nephrotomography
neh froh toh MAH gruh fee
sectional radiographic exam of the after IV injection of contrast medium
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
sis toh yoor ee THRAH gruh free
radiographic imaging of the urinary bladder and urethra done with a contrast medium while patient is urinating
the image made by this procedure is a voiding cystourethrogram
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
catheter
hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a vessel, organ or cavity of the body to withdraw or instill fluid, monitor types of various information, and visualize a vessel or cavity
can be inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine
cytoscope
instrument for visual examination of the inside of the bladder
laparoscope
LAP ur oh skohp
type of endoscope consisting of an illuminated tube with an optical system, inserted through the abdominal wall for examining the peritoneal cavity
lithotrite
LITH oh tryte
instrument used to crush a calculus in the urinary bladder; fragments may then be expelled or washed out
nephroscope
fiberoptic instrument used specifically for the disintegration and removal of renal calculi
an ultrasonic probe emitting high-frequency sound waves breaks up the calculi, which are removed by suction through the scope
stent
tubular device for supporting hollow structures during surgical anastomosis or for holding arteries open after angioplasty
urinometer
types of hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity (DG) of a urine sample AKA urometer
ileal conduit
channel, pipe, or tube that guides urine from the ureters to the ileum in the digestive system to be excreted through the large intestine, when the bladder is no longer available for storing the urine and releasing it through the urethra
AKA ureteroileostomy
lithotripsy
process of crushing stones either to prevent or clear an obstruction in the urinary system crushing may be manual, by high-energy shock waves, or by pulsed dye laser
In each case, the fragments may be expelled naturally or washed out
nephrectomy
resection of the kidney
nephrolithotomy
incision of the kidney for removal of a kidney stone
nephropexy
suspension or fixation of the kidney
nephrostomy
opening made in the kidney so that catheter can be inserted
nephrotomy
incision of the kidney
transurethral procedure
any procedure conducted through the urethra
urethrolysis
destruction of the adhesions of the urethra
vesicotomy
vess ih KAH tuh mee
incision of the urinary bladder
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
pair eh tuh NEE ul
type of renal dialysis in which an indwelling catheter in the abdomen permits fluid to drain into and out of the peritoneal cavity to cleanse the blood
hemodialysis (HD)
removal of certain elements (impurities or wastes) from the blood, performed by diffusion of the blood through a semipermeable membrane
type of renal dialysis that cleanses the blood by shunting it from the body through a machine for diffusion and ultrafiltration, and then returning it to the patient’s circulation
renal dialysis
process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove substances that a healthy kidney would eliminate, including poisons, drugs, urea, uric acid, and creatinine
renal transplant
surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to a recipient
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
ARF
acute renal failure
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
this test determines how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood (uremia) to determine the severity of a pt’s renal failure
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CRF
chronic renal failure
Cl
chloride
cysto
cystoscopy
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD
hemodialysis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
IVU
intravenous urography
K
potassium
KUB
kidney, ureter, and bladder
L
liter
SG
specific gravity
measures the ability of the kidneys to regulate the concentration of urine
UA
urinalysis
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
micturition
MIC tyur ition
act of releasing urine
AKA urination, voiding
urea
nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver and carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys for transformation into urine
nephron
microscopic, functional unit of the kidney
renal pelvis
cavity inside the kidney where urine is drained from the collecting tubules before entering the ureter
renal corpuscle
located at the entrance of the nephron; contains the glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman’s capsule
stromal tissue
supportive tissue
-cele
herniation
olig/o
scanty, few
tens/o
stretching
azot/o
nitrogen
papill/o
nipple
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
a contrast medium is introduced into the urine so that the completed pyelogram will show the contrast material filling the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
creatinine clearance test
cree AT tuh nin
test of kidney function that compares the rate at which nitrogenous waste is removed from the blood by comparing its concentration in the blood and urine over a 24-hr period
nephrostolithotomy
neh frost toh lith AH tuh mee
stone extraction through an artificial opening (nephrostomy)
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of shock waves to crush stones in the urinary system
-trite
instrument to crush stones
stom/o
opening
tom/o
section
-pexy
fixation, suspension
PKU
phenylketonuria
parenchymal tissue
functional parts of an organ
e.g., kidney
