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Medical Terminology > 14.1 Eye > Flashcards

14.1 Eye Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva

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2
Q

ophthalm/o, ocul/o

A

eye

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3
Q

palpebr/o, blephar/o

A

eyelids

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4
Q

lacrim/o, dacry/o

A

tear

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5
Q

opt/o, optic/o

A

vision

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6
Q

supra-

A

above

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7
Q

ocular adnexa

A

the structure that surrounds and supports the function of the eyeball

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8
Q

oculus dexter (OD)

A

oculus dexter

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9
Q

oculus uterque (OU)

A

each eye

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10
Q

medial canthus

A

inner corner of the eye

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11
Q

lateral canthus

A

outer corner of the eye

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12
Q

palpebral fissure

A

point where upper and lower eyelids meet

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13
Q

palpebration

A

the act of blinking

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14
Q

conjunctiva

A

protective thin mucosal layer that lines the eyelids and spreads a protective coating across the anterior surface of the eyeball

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15
Q

meibomian glands

A

sebaceous glands in the eyelid that lubricate the eyelashes

meibomian = sebaceous

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16
Q

lacrimal gland

A

located above the eye and in the outer corners provide constant cleansing and lubrication of the eye itself

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17
Q

lacrimation

A

the process of creating tears

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18
Q

lacrimal punctus

A

small hole in the medial canthus where tears drain into the nasolacrimal ducts

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19
Q

nasolacrimal ducts

A

carry tears from lacrimal puncta in the medial canthi to the nasal cavity

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20
Q

extraocular muscles

A

move the eyes as directed by impulses from the cranial nerves

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21
Q

orbit

A

bony socket containing eyeball

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22
Q

choroid/o

A

choroid

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23
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body

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24
Q

kerat/o, corne/o

A

cornea

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25
Q

ir/o, irid/o

A

iris

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26
Q

phac/o, phak/o, lent/i

A

lens

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27
Q

macul/o

A

macula lutea

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28
Q

papill/o

A

optic disk

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29
Q

pupill/o, cor/o, core/o

A

pupil

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30
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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31
Q

scler/o

A

sclera

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32
Q

uve/o

A

uvea

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33
Q

vitre/o

A

vitreous humor, glassy

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34
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

hard outer covering of the eye

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35
Q

cornea

A

transparent, anterior portion of sclera

site where refraction, or the bending of light, begins

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36
Q

limbus

A

border b/w cornea and sclera

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37
Q

uvea

A

the vascular middle coat of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

AKA vascular tunic

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38
Q

iris

A

a colored, smooth muscle behind the cornea that contracts and relaxes to control the amount of light entering the eye

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39
Q

ciliary body

A

the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye joining the iris with the anterior part of the choroid

holds the lens in place

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40
Q

choroid layer

A

the thin vascular layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera

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41
Q

pupil

A

the dark area in the center of the iris, where light enters through the avascular lens

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42
Q

lens

A

the crystalline lens of the eye, the transparent biconvex body of the eye located between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body

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43
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid produced by ciliary body to nourish the cornea, give the eye its shape, and maintain an optimal intraocular pressure

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44
Q

vitreous humor

A

holds the choroid membrane against the retina to ensure an adequate blood supply

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45
Q

retina

A

the inner layer of the eye that contains sensory receptors for the images carried by the light rays

AKA nervous tunic

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46
Q

rods

A

one of two types of sensory receptors that appear throughout the retina

responsible for vision in dim light

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47
Q

cones

A

one of two types of sensory receptors that are concentrated in the central area of the retina

responsible for color vision

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48
Q

macula lutea

A

spot near the center of the retina on which light rays focus during the daylight hours

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49
Q

fovea

A

a portion of the macula lutea that contains cones and provides the sharpest image

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50
Q

optic disc

A

point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina

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51
Q

blepharedema

A

swelling of the eyelid

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52
Q

blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelid

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53
Q

blepharochalasis

bleff ah roh KAL luh sis

A

hypertrophy of the skin of the eyelid

slackening of an eyelid

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54
Q

blepharoptosis

A

drooping of the upper eyelid

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55
Q

ectropion

eck TROH pee on

A

turning outward (eversion) of the eyelid, exposing the conjunctiva

the eyelid turns back “on” itself

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56
Q

entropion

A

turning inward of the eyelid toward the eye

the eyelid turns inward on (to) the eyeball

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57
Q

chalazion

kuh LAY zee on

A

hardened swelling of a meibomian gland resulting from a blockage

AKA meibomian cyst

Fig A

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58
Q

hordeolum

hor DEE uh lum

A

infection of one of the sebaceous glands of an eyelash

AKA stye

Fig B

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59
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva, a highly contagious disorder

AKA pinkeye

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60
Q

dacryocystitis

dack ree oh sis TYE tis

A

inflammation of a lacrimal sac

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61
Q

epiphora

eh PIFF or ah

A

overflow of tears

excessive lacrimation

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62
Q

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

dryness and/or inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva due to inadequate tear production

usually the result of an immune disorder

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63
Q

ophthalmia neonatorum

off THAL mee uh

A

severe, purulent conjunctivitis in the newborn, usually due to gonorrheal or chlamydial infection

routine introduction of an antibiotic ophthalmic ointment (erythromycin) prevents most cases.

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64
Q

xerophthalmia

zeer off THAL mee ah

A

dry eye

lack of adequate tear production to lubricate the eye

usually the result of vitamin A deficiency

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65
Q

amblyopia

am blee OH plee ah

A

dull or dim vision due to disuse

AKA lazy eye

66
Q

diplopia

dip LOH pee ah

A

double vision

67
Q

emmetropia (EM, Em)

A

normal vision

68
Q

esotropia

A

turning inward of one or both eyes

AKA crossed eyes

69
Q

exotropia

A

turning outward of one or both eyes

opposite of crossed eyes

70
Q

exophthalmia

eck soff THAL mee ah

A

protrusion of the eyeball from its orbit

may be congenital or the result of an endocrine disorder

71
Q

strabismus

A

general term for a lack of coordination b/w the eyes, usually due to a muscle weakness or paralysis

sometimes called a “squint,” which refers to the patient’s effort to correct the disorder

72
Q

asthenopia

A

visual impairment due to weakness of ocular or ciliary muscles

73
Q

astigmatism

A

malcurvature of the cornea leading to blurred vision

if uncorrected, asthenopia may result

74
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

refractive error that does not allow the eye to focus on nearby objects

75
Q

myopia (MY)

A

nearsightedness

refractive error that does not allow the eye to focus on distant objects

76
Q

presbyopia

A

progressive loss of elasticity of the lens (usually accompanies aging), resulting in hyperopia

77
Q

corneal ulcer

A

trauma to the outer covering of the eye, resulting in an abrasion

78
Q

keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea

79
Q

keratoconus

kair uh toh KOH nus

A

malformation of the cornea that appears as a protrusion of the center of the cornea

more prevalent in females than males, this condition may cause astigmatism

80
Q

anisocoria

an nye soh KORE ee ah

A

condition of unequally sized pupils, sometimes due to pressure on the optic nerve as a result of trauma or lesion

81
Q

hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye as a result of hemorrhage due to trauma

82
Q

iritis

A

inflammation of the iris

AKA iriditis

83
Q

uveitis

yoo vee EYE tis

A

inflammation of the uvea (iris, ciliary body, and choroids)

84
Q

aphakia

ah FAY kee ah

A

condition of no lens, either congenital or acquired

85
Q

cataract

A

progressive loss of transparency of the lens of the eye

86
Q

glaucoma

A

abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP) due to the obstruction of the outflow of the aqueous humor

87
Q

chronic or primary open-angle glaucoma

A

characterized by an open anterior chamber angle

88
Q

angle-closure glaucoma

A

characterized by an abnormally narrowed anterior chamber angle

AKA narrow-angle glaucoma

89
Q

synechia

sin ECK kee ah

A

adhesion of the iris to the lens and the cornea

90
Q

achromatopsia

ah kroh mah TOP see uh

A

impairment of color vision

inability to distinguish b/w certain colors bc of abnormalities of the photopigments produced in the retina

AKA colorblindness

91
Q

age-related macular degeneration (ARMD or AMD)

A

progressive destruction of the macula, resulting in a loss of central vision

most common visual disorder after the age of 75

92
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

damage of the retina due to diabetes

leading cause of blindness

93
Q

hemianopsia

hem ee an NOP see uh

A

loss of half the visual field, often the result of a cerebrovascular accident

94
Q

nyctalopia

nick tuh LOH pee uh

A

inability to see well in dim light

may be due to a vitamin A deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, or choroidoretinitis

95
Q

retinal tear/detachment

A

separation of the retina from the choroid layer

may be due to trauma, inflammation of the interior of the eye, or aging

a hole in the retin allows fluid from the vitreous humor to leak b/w the 2 layers

96
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

hereditary, degenerative disease marked by nyctalopia and a progressive loss of the visual field

97
Q

scotoma

skoh TOH muh

A

area of decreased vision in the visual field

AKA blind spot

98
Q

nystagmus

nis STAG mis

A

involuntary, back-and-forth eye movements due to a disorder of the labyrinth of the ear and/or parts of the nervous system associated with rhythmic eye movements

99
Q

optic neuritis

A

inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in blindness

often mentioned as a predecessor to the development of multiple sclerosis

100
Q

intraocular melanoma

A

malignant tumor of the choroid, ciliary body, or iris that usually occurs in individuals in their 50s or 60s

101
Q

retinoblastoma

A

cancer of the retina

an inherited condition that arises from embryonic retinal cells and is present in an infant at birth

102
Q

chala/o

A

to relax

103
Q

trop/o

A

turning

104
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

105
Q

presby/o

A

old age

106
Q

sicca, xer/o

A

dry

107
Q

eso-

A

inward

108
Q

glauc/o

A

gray, bluish green

109
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

110
Q

sthen/o

A

strength

111
Q

-chalasis

A

relaxation, slackening

112
Q

Amsler grid

A

test to assess central vision and to assist in the diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration

113
Q

diopters

A

measurement of refraction errors, including the amount of nearsightedness (-), farsightedness (+),
and astigmatism

114
Q

fluorescein angiography

floo RES see un

A

procedure to confirm suspected retinal disease by injection of a fluorescein dye into the eye and use of a camera to record the vessels of the retina

115
Q

fluorescein staining

floo REH see un

A

use of a dye dropped into the eyes that allow differential staining of abnormalities of the cornea

116
Q

gonioscopy

goh nee AH skuh pee

A

visualization of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye

used to diagnose glaucoma and inspect ocular movement

117
Q

ophthalmic ultasonography

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to image the interior of the eye when opacities prevent other imaging techniques

may be used for diagnosing retinal detachments, inflammatory conditions, vascular malformations, and suspicious masses

118
Q

ophthalmoscopy

off thal MAH skuk pee

A

any visual examination of the interior of the eye with an opthalmoscope

119
Q

Schirmer tear test

SHURR mur

A

test to determine the amount of tear production

useful in daignosing dry eye (xerophthalmia)

120
Q

slit lamp examination

A

part of a routine eye exam

used to examine the various layers of the eye

medicated may be used to dilate the pupils (mydriatics), numb the eye (anesthetics), or dye the eye (fluorescein staining)

121
Q

tonometry

A

measurement of intraocular pressure

used to diagnose glaucoma

122
Q

Goldmann applanation tonometry

A

eye is numbed and intraocular pressure measurements are taken directly on the eye

123
Q

air-puff tonometry

A

a puff of air is blown onto the cornea to determine intraocular pressure

124
Q

visual acuity (VA) assessment

A

test of the clearness of sharpness of vision

AKA Snellen test

normal vision is 20/20: top figure is # of feet a normal person would be from the chart and still be able to read the smallest letters

20/40 means that the highest line the individual can read is what a person with normal vision could read at 40 feet

125
Q

visual field (VF) test

A

test to determine the area of physical space visible to an individual

normal visual field is 65 degrees upward, 75 degrees downward, 60 degrees inward, and 90 degrees outward

126
Q

blepharoplasty

A

surgical repair of the eyelids

may be done to correct blepharoptosis or blepharochalasis

127
Q

blepharorrhaphy

bleff ah ROHR ah fee

A

suture of the eyelids

128
Q

enucleation of the eye

A

removal of the entire eyeball

129
Q

evisceration of the eye

A

removal of the contents of the eyball, leaving the outer coat (sclera) intact

130
Q

exenteration of the eye

A

removal of the entire contents of the orbit

131
Q

astigmatic keratotomy (AK)

A

corneal incision process that treats astigmatism by creating a more rounded cornea

132
Q

corneal incision procedure

A

any keratotomy procedure in which the cornea is cut to change shape, correcting a refractive error (AK, RK, PRK)

133
Q

flap procedure

A

any procedure in which a segment of the cornea is cut as a means of access to the structures below (LASIK, LASEK)

134
Q

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

A

flap procedure in which an excimer laser is used to remove material under the corneap flap

corrects astigmatism, myopia, and hyperopia

135
Q

laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK)

A

flap procedure that differs from the LASIK procedure only in the amount of tissue cut

LASEK incises the epithelium and only part of the stroma, with an advantage of the opportunity for more easily treated possible infections

136
Q

photoablation

A

use of UV radiation to destroy and remove tissue from the cornea

137
Q

photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)

A

treatment for astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia that uses and excimer laser to reshape the cornea

138
Q

radial keratotomy (RK)

A

corneal incision process that treats myopia by incising the cornea in a spoke-like pattern

139
Q

anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS)

A

incision in the sclera to treat presbyopia

140
Q

corneal transplant

A

transplantation of corneal tissue from a donor or the patient’s own (autograft) cornea

may be either full- or partial-thickness grafts

AKA keratoplasty

141
Q

epikeratophakia

eh pee kair uh toh FAY kee ah

A

replacement of lens function with the use of a donor corneal graft

may be used for myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and occasionally keratoconus

142
Q

implantation of corneal ring segments

A

procedure to correct myopia with the addition of pieces to the cornea

143
Q

laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK)

KAIR uh toh plasty

A

use of heat and a holmium laser to treat hyperopia in patients over 40

144
Q

limbal relaxing incision (LRI)

A

incision of the limbus to treat astigmatism

145
Q

extraction of the lens

A

removal of the lens to treat cataracts

may be intracapsular, in which the entire lens and capsule are removed; or extracapsular, in which the lens capsule is left in place

146
Q

implantable contact lenses (ICL)

A

use of an artificial lens implanted behind the iris and in front of the natural abnormal lens to treat myopia and farsightedness

147
Q

phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataract

fack koh ee MULL sih fih KAY shun

A

vision correction accomplished through the destruction and removal of the contents of the capsule by breaking it into small pieces and removing them by suction

148
Q

coreoplasty

A

surgical repair to form an artificial pupil

149
Q

goniotomy

A

incision of Schlemm’s canal to correct glaucoma by providing an exit for the aqueous humor

150
Q

iridotomy

eye rih DOT tuh mee

A

incision of the iris to treat postoperative glaucoma or to gain access for cataract surgery

151
Q

trabeculotomy

A

external incision of the eye to promote intraocular circulation in glaucoma

surgical procedure used in the treatment of glaucoma to relieve intraocular pressure by removing part of the eye’s trabecular meshwork and adjacent structures

152
Q

retinal photocoagulation

A

destruction of retinal lesions using light rays to solidify tissue

153
Q

scleral buckling

A

reattachment of the retina with a cryoprobe and the use of a silicone sponge to push the sclera in toward the retinal scar

includes the removal of fluid from the subretinal space

154
Q

vitrectomy

A

removal of part or all of the vitreous humor

155
Q

ton/o

A

tone, tension

156
Q

Acc

A

accommodation

157
Q

Astigm, As, Ast

A

astigmatism

158
Q

IOP

A

intraocular pressure

159
Q

s. gl

A

correction without glasses

160
Q

accommodation

A

a process through which the lens adjusts to see

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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