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Medical Terminology > 3. Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

3. Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-blast

A

embryonic

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2
Q

-clast

A

breaking down

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3
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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4
Q

-physis

A

growth

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5
Q

-um

A

structure, thing

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6
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

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7
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket in distal pelvic girdle for head of the femur

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8
Q

achondroplasia

a kon droh PLAY zha

A

congenital disorder of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull, resulting in dwarfism

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9
Q

acromion process

A

highest point extending from the scapula

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10
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the midline

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11
Q

amphiarthroses

A

joints with limited range of motion (ROM)

Ex: vertebrae, female pubic bones during childbirth

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11
Q

ankyl/o

A

crookedness or stiffness

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12
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of idiopathic origin, which causes a fusion of the spine

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13
Q

antrum

A

antr/o (also referred to as a sinus) a cavity or channel lined with a membrane

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14
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

append/o appendic/o shoulder bones, collarbones, pelvis bones, arms, and legs

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15
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture of a joint to remove synovial fluid for analysis

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16
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical binding or stabilization of a joint

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17
Q

arthrogram

A

x-ray of joint done after injection of contrast medium

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18
Q

arthrography

A

x-ray recording of a joint

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19
Q

arthroplasty

AR throh plas tee

A

general term meaning surgical repair of a joint

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20
Q

arthroscopy

ar THRAHS kuh pee

A

visual examination of a joint, accomplished by use of an arthroscope

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21
Q

arthrotomy

A

incision into a joint

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22
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the ends of many bones and serves a protective function

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23
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, rib cage, and spine

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24
Q

bone marrow

A

myel/o

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25
Q

bunion

A

fairly common, abnormal and painful enlargement and inflammation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the great toe)

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26
Q

bursa

A

burs/o (pl., bursae)

small, fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another

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27
Q

calcium

A

calc/i calc/o

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28
Q

carpal

A

carp/o

wrist bones

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29
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression injury that manifests itself as fluctuating pain, numbness, and paresthesias of the hand

In this condition, the median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament as it passes between that ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist.

Numbness and burning pain have been reported in the fingers and hands, esp in the index and long fingers, sometimes extending all the way to the elbow.

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30
Q

cartilage

A

cartilag/o chondr/o

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31
Q

cervical

A

cervic/o neck bones (C1-C7)

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32
Q

chest

A

pector/o

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33
Q

chondroma

A

benign tumor of the cartilage, usually occurring in children and adolescents

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34
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the cartilage

occurs most frequently in adults

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35
Q

clavicle

A

clavicul/o

cleid/o

collar bone that connects the sternum to each scapula

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36
Q

closed reduction

A

no incision is necessary to align the bone

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37
Q

open reduction

A

proper alignment can occur only by making an incision

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38
Q

coccyx (KOCK sicks)

A

coccyg/o

coccygeal (kock sih JEE ul)

tailbone

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39
Q

Colles fracture

CALL-ees

A

break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis, often occurs when pt has attempted ot break his/her fall

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40
Q

comminuted fracture

A

the bone is crushed and/or shattered into many pieces

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41
Q

compact bone

A

hardest, densest layer just beneath the periosteum that contains blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the bone while removing wastes such as CO2

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42
Q

complicated fracture

A

bone is broken and pierces an internal organ

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43
Q

compression fracture

A

the fractured area of bones collapses on itself

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44
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes

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45
Q

condyle

A

condyl/o a rounded, knuckle-lick projection at the end of a bone that anchors ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones (aka near a joint)

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46
Q

contracture

A

chronic fixation of a joint in flexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers after a long period of disuse

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47
Q

costals

A

ribs (12 pairs)

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48
Q

crest

A

a narrow, elongated elevation (such as the iliac crest)

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48
Q

cranial sinuses

A

frontal ethmoidal sphenoidal maxillary

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50
Q

debridement

A

removal of debris from a wound

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51
Q

depression

A

general term for an opening, groove, or hollow space in bone

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51
Q

DEXA scan

A

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

a procedure that measures the density of bone at the hip and spine

an x-ray detector measures how well the x-rays penetrate the bone

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52
Q

dia-

A

complete, through

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53
Q

diaphysis

A

middle shaft of a long bone

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54
Q

diarthroses

A

joints with movement in all planes with full range of motion (ROM)

also called synovial joints

Ex: hips, knees, elbows, shoulders, wrists, and ankles

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55
Q

dorsalgia

A

upper back pain

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56
Q

dorsiflexion

A

raising the foot and pulling the toes toward the shin

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57
Q

dystrophy

A

abnormal development

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58
Q

eat, swallow

A

phag/o

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59
Q

elbow

A

olecran/o

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60
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

procedure that records the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

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61
Q

endo-, end-

A

within

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63
Q

epi-

A

above

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64
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of a long bone

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64
Q

epicondyle

A

epicondyl/o projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle

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66
Q

ethmoid

A

ethmoid/o bone that forms part of the nose, orbit, and floor of the cranium

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67
Q

eversion

A

turning outward

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68
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

most common bone cancer in children

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69
Q

extension

A

the act of straightening, to increase the angle of a joint

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70
Q

fascia

A

fasci/o

plural: fasciae

tough fibrous covering of the muscles (and of some nerves and blood vessels)

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70
Q

external fixation

A

immobilizing bone(s) externally, like with a cast

CREF = closed reduction and external fixation

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72
Q

femur

A

femor/o

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72
Q

fibromyalgia

A

disorder characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep disturbances

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73
Q

fibula

A

fibul/o

perone/o

the smaller of the two lower leg bones, runs parallel to the tibia

flared bony prominence at distal end is lateral malleolus (outside of ankle)

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74
Q

finger, toe (whole)

A

dactyl/o

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75
Q

fissure

A

a fairly deep cleft or groove, creating a slit-like opening (ex: inferior orbital fissure)

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76
Q

flat bones

A

sternum scapula

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77
Q

flexion (FLEK shen)

A

The act of bending, to decrease the angle of a joint

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78
Q

foramen (foh RAY men)

A

(plural: foramina) an opening or a hole for blood vessels and nerves

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79
Q

fossa

A

a hollow or shallow depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone

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80
Q

frontal

A

front/o

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81
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone is partially bent and partially broken

a common fracture in children bc their bones are still soft

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82
Q

hairline fracture

A

minor fracture that appears as a thin line on x-ray and may not extend completely through the bone

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83
Q

head

A

a rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones

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84
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardi/o

85
Q

herniated intervertebral disk

A

protrusion of the central part of the disk that lies between the vertebrae, resulting in compression of the nerve root and pain

86
Q

humerus

A

humer/o

87
Q

ilium

A

ili/o

blade-shaped section of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle

88
Q

impacted fracture

A

bone is broken, and the ends are driven into each other

89
Q

inter-

A

between

90
Q

internal fixation

A

immobilizing bones by fastening pins, screws, plates, etc. to maintain correct alignment

ORIF = open reduction and internal fixation

91
Q

inversion

A

turning inward

92
Q

irregular bones

A

verebra ossicles (bones of the ear) such as stapes

93
Q

ischium

A

ischi/o

lower posterior part of the pelvic girdle

94
Q

jaw

A

gnath/o

95
Q

kyphoplasty

KYE foh plas tee

A

minimally invasive procedure designed to address the pain of fractured vertebrae resulting from osteoporosis or cancer

A balloon is used to inflate the area of fracture before a cementlike substance is injected. The substance hardens rapidly, and pain relief is immediate in most patients.

96
Q

kyphosis

A

extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of the spine

AKA humpback or hunchback

97
Q

lacrimal

A

bones at the corner of each eye that make up part of the orbit

98
Q

lamina

A

lamin/o

Any thin, flat layer or stratum of membrane or other composite structure; sometimes used alone to denote the lamina arcus vertebrae.

99
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae to relieve compression of the spinal cord

100
Q

leiomyoma

lye oh my OH mah

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

the most common leiomyoma is in the uterus and termed “fibroid”

101
Q

leiomyosarcoma

lye oh my oh sar KOH mah

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

most commonly appearing in the uterus

102
Q

ligament

A

ligament/o

syndesm/o

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at the joint

103
Q

long bones

A

humerus (upper arm bone) femur (thigh bone)

104
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar spine

AKA swayback

105
Q

lumbar

A

lumb/o

lower back (L1-L5)

106
Q

lumbago

lum BAE goh

A

lower back pain

107
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structure

109
Q

malleolus

A

malleol/o

110
Q

mandible

A

mandibul/o lower jaw bone that contains sockets, or alveoli, for holding lower teeth

110
Q

malunion

A

when a bone does not mend and realign correctly

111
Q

mastoid process

A

mastoid/o

112
Q

matrix

A

material between osteocytes that stores calcium and phosphorus for the body to use as needed in the form of mineral salts

113
Q

maxillary

A

maxill/o plural: maxilla upper jaw bone that contains sockets, or alveoli, for holding upper teeth

114
Q

meta-

A

beyond

115
Q

metacarpal

A

metacarp/o

hand bones

116
Q

metatarsal

A

metatars/o

bones of the foot

117
Q

muscle

A

muscul/o

my/o

myos/o

118
Q

muscle

A

muscul/o my/o myos/o

120
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

group of disorderes characterized as an inherited progressive atorphy of skeletal muscle without neural involvement

121
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

mye ah STHEE nee ah / GRAV us

A

a usually severe condition characterized by fatigue and a progressive muscle weakness, especially of the face and throat

thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cells

121
Q

myelogram

MYE eh lo gram

A

x-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contrast medium

123
Q

myorrhaphy

mye ORE rah fee

A

suture of a muscle

124
Q

nonunion

A

when no healing takes place after a bone is broken

125
Q

nose

A

nas/o

125
Q

occipital

A

occipit/o

127
Q

olecranon

A

olecran/o

proximal projection of the ulna that forms the tip of the elbow

128
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

joint disease characterized by degenerative articular cartilage and a wearing down of the bones’ edges at a joint; considered a ‘wear and tear’ disorder

AKA degenerative joint disease (DJD)

128
Q

operative ankylosis

A

procedure used in the treatment of spinal fractures or after diskectomy or laminectomy for the correction of a herniated vertebral disk; also used to describe surgical fixation of a joint

130
Q

osteoblasts

A

smaller, immature osteocytes; form bony tissue that replaces cartilage

130
Q

osteoclasis

OS tee oh klay sis

A

refracture of a bone, usually done if a bone has a malunion

131
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone phagocytes; reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue inside each bone, thus enlarging the inner cavity This process prevents the bone from becoming too thick and heavy. The continual tearing down and rebuilding of bony tissue helps keep the body’s bone structure strong and in good repair

133
Q

osteoma

A

benign bone tumor, usually of compact bone

134
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone caused by a loss of minerals from the bony matrix as a result of vitamin D deficiency

134
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of the bone and bone marrow

136
Q

osteopenia

A

a severe form of bone deficiency

136
Q

osteoplasty

OS tee oh plas tee

A

surgical repair of a bone

137
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass, which results in the bones being fragile and at risk for fractures

138
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of bone

AKA Ewing sarcoma (most common children’s bone cancer)

139
Q

osteotome

A

instrument used to cut into bone

140
Q

palatine

A

palat/o cranial bones that forms the hard palate of the mouth and suppose the floor of the nose

141
Q

parietal

A

pariet/o two bones - one on each side of the head - form the roof and upper sides of the cranium

142
Q

patella

A

patell/o

kneecap; largest sesamoid bone in the body

143
Q

pathologic fracture

A

any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease

144
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

145
Q

periosteum

A

tough, fibrous structure that surrounds the bone and comprises the outermost surface of the long bones except for the ends of the epiphyses

146
Q

phalanx

A

phalang/o

plural: phalanges

finger or toe bones

147
Q

phosphorus

A

phosph/o phosphat/o

148
Q

plantar flexion

A

lowering the foot, pointing the toes away from the shin

149
Q

point of insertion

A

bone at the movable end of the muscle, farthest from the trunk

151
Q

point of origin

A

unmovable bone at the more stable end nearest the trunk

152
Q

process

A

general term for any raised or projected area

152
Q

polydactyly

pall ee DACK tih lee

A

condition of more than five fingers or toes on each hand or foot

154
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm or foot downward (face down)

155
Q

protraction

A

moving a part of the body forward

156
Q

pubis or pubic bone

A

pub/o

distal anterior part of the pelvic girdle; fused at midline to form the pubic symphysis joint

157
Q

radius

A

radi/o

lateral lower arm bone in line with the thumb

157
Q

reduction

A

the process of alignment for a broken bone

159
Q

retraction

A

moving a part of the body backward

160
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of striated/voluntary/skeletal muscle

161
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

highly malignant tumor of striated/voluntary/skeletal muscle

AKA rhabdosarcoma or rhabdomyoblastoma

162
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

inflammatory joint disease believed to be autoimmune in nature; occurs in a much younger population (ages 20-45) than OA

In this autoimmune reaction against the joint tissues (especially the synovial membrane), these inflamed synovial membranes thicken and damage the articular cartilage. This makes movement difficult and painful.

163
Q

rheumatoid factor test

A

lab test that looks for rheumatoid factor (RF) present in the bloo dof those who have rheumatoid arthritis

164
Q

rib

A

cost/o

165
Q

Rickets

A

osteomalacia occurring during childhood

166
Q

rotation

A

revolving a bone around its axis

167
Q

sacrum

A

sacr/o

5 bones fused together (S1-S5) below the lumbar spine

168
Q

Salter-Harris fracture

A

fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children

169
Q

scapula

A

scapul/o

shoulder blade

170
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, usually marked by pain and tenderness along the course of the nerve through the thigh and leg

may result in wasting of the muscles of the lower leg

171
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral “S” cure of the spine, causing a loss of height in inches

172
Q

serum calcium (Ca)

A

test to measure the amount of calcium in the blood

173
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small rounded bones found near any joint to increase the efficiency of the joint around them patella (kneecap)

174
Q

short bones

A

carpal (wrist bone) tarsal (ankle bone)

175
Q

sinus

A

sin/o sinus/o (also referred to as an antrum) a cavity or channel lined with a membrane; a hollow cavity within a bone

176
Q

skeletal/striated muscle

A

rhabdomy/o

177
Q

skull

A

crani/o

178
Q

smooth/visceral muscle

A

leiomy/o

179
Q

sphenoid

A

sphenoid/o cranial bone that forms part of the floor and walls of the eye sockets, extending to form part of the base of the skull between parietal and temporal bones (extends from back of the eye to sides of skull)

180
Q

spina bifida occulta

SPY nah / BIFF ih dah / oh KULL tah

A

congenital malformation of the bony spinal canal without involvement of the spinal cord

181
Q

spinal column

A

rachi/o spin/o vertebr/o

182
Q

spinal stenosis

A

abnormal condition of the narrowing of the spinal canal with attendant pain, sometimes caused by osteoarthritis or spondylolisthesis

183
Q

spine

A

a thorn-like projection, such as the spinous process of a vertebra

184
Q

spondylolisthesis

spon dih loh liss THEE sis

A

condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it

186
Q

spondylosis

A

a stiffening of the vertebral joints

187
Q

spondylosyndesis

spon dih loh sin DEE sis

A

fixation of an unstable segment of the spine by skeletal traction, immobilization of the patient in a body cast, or stabilization with a bone graft or synthetic device

Also called spinal fusion and spondylodesis

188
Q

sprain

A

traumatic injury to a joint involving the soft tissue: muscle, ligaments, and tendons

189
Q

sternum

A

stern/o

190
Q

subluxation

A

bone is partially out of joint

191
Q

sulcus

A

a groove or depression in an anatomical structure (not as deep as a fissure)

192
Q

supination

A

turning the palm or foot upward (face up)

193
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints

Ex: fontanelles of the skull

194
Q

syndactyly

sin DACK tih lee

A

condition of the joining of the fingers or toes, giving them a webbed appearance

195
Q

talipes

TALL ih peez

A

congenital deformity resulting in an abnormal twisting of the foot

AKA clubfoot

196
Q

tarsal

A

tars/o

ankle bones

talus is the first of the tarsal bones

197
Q

temporal

A

tempor/o

198
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

where the mandible and temporal bones meet

199
Q

temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)

A

dysfunctional temporomandibular joint, accompanied by gnathalgia (jaw pain)

200
Q

tendon

A

ten/o

tend/o

tendin/o

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

201
Q

tenomyoplasty

ten oh MYE oh plas tee

A

surgical repair of a muscle and a tendon

202
Q

thorax

A

thorac/o

upper back (T1-T12)

also called dorsal spine by some specialties

203
Q

tibia

A

tibi/o

shin bone that forms a joint with femur at patella

flared bony prominence at distal end is medial malleolus (inside of ankle)

204
Q

torticollis

tore tih KOLL lis

A

congenital or acquired condition that manifests itself as a contraction of the muscles of the neck

AKA wryneck

205
Q

trochanter

A

one of two tuberosities (bony projections/processes) on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles

206
Q

tubercle

A

a nodule or a small raised area (projection) for tendon or muscle attachment

207
Q

tuberosity

A

an elevation or protuberance; a large, rounded process used to attach muscles or tendons (larger than a tubercle)

208
Q

ulna

A

uln/o

medial lower arm bone

209
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

procedure in which high-frequency sound waves form an image of the body

210
Q

vertebra

A

spondyl/o
vertebr/o

26 vertebrae separated by cartilage pads called disks

211
Q

vomer

A

vomer/o thin, flat cranial bone that forms the nasal septum

212
Q

x-ray

A

imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures

213
Q

zygoma

A

zygom/o zygomat/o cheekbone

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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