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Medical Terminology > 16. Oncology > Flashcards

16. Oncology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

sarc/o

A

connective tissue, flesh

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2
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer of epithelial origin

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3
Q

plas/o

A

formation

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4
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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5
Q

ana-

A

up, apart from

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6
Q

apo-

A

separate, away from

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7
Q

dys-

A

abnormal

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8
Q

ecto-

A

outer

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9
Q

endo-

A

inner

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10
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

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11
Q

meso-

A

middle

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12
Q

meta-

A

beyond, change

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13
Q

neo-

A

new

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14
Q

-derm

A

skin, layer

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15
Q

-gen

A

substance producing

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16
Q

-genesis

A

production of

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17
Q

-plasia

A

formation

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18
Q

-ptosis

A

falling, sagging

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19
Q

-sarcoma

A

cancer of connective tissue

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20
Q

-stasis

A

stopping, controlling

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21
Q

oncology

A

study of tumors, or neoplasms

all cancers are neoplasms, but not all are cancerous/malignant

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22
Q

benign tumors

A

Growth: relatively slow by expansion; encapsulated; cells adhere to each other

Histologically: resembles tissue of origin; well differentiated; appear normal

Spread: remains isolated

Other: No tissue destruction; not prone to hemorrhage; may be smooth and freely movable

Recurrence: rare after excision

Pathogenesis: symptoms related to location with obstruction and/or compression of surrounding tissue or organs; usually not life-threatening unless inaccessible

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23
Q

malignant tumors

A

Growth: rapid; invades surrounding tissues by infiltration

Histology: does not resemble tissue of origin; vary in size and shape; abnormal appearance and function

Spread: metastasis; cancer cells carried by blood and lymphatics to one or more other locations; secondary tumors occur

Other: ulceration and/or necrosis; prone to hemorrhage; irregular and less movable

Recurrence: a common characteristic

Pathogenesis: cachexia; pain; fatal if not controlled

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24
Q

metastasis

meh TAS stah sis

A

the process by which tumor cells spread from one part or organ to another not directly connected with it

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25
Q

carcinomas

A

almost always derive from the outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) layers of the embryo (i.e., the layers that develop into epithelial tissue to cover or line the surfaces of the body)

comprise the majority of malignant tumors

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26
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant growth derived from glandular tissue or in which the cells of the tumor form recognizable glandular structures

one of the most common type of cancers derived from epithelial tissue

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27
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

a slow-growing malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelium

most frequently found in the lungs and the skin

also occurring in the cervix, nose, larynx, anus, and bladder

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28
Q

sarcomas

A

less common cancer derived from the middle (mesoderm) layer that becomes connective tissue (bones, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, and fat)

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29
Q

osteosarcoma

A

bone sarcoma

AKA Ewing sarcoma

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30
Q

leukemia

A

bone marrow cancer

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31
Q

myeloma

A

cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow

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32
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer in lymphatic tissue

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33
Q

mixed-cell tumors

A

combination of cells from within or b/w two cancer categories

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34
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer-causing agents

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35
Q

apoptosis

APP pop toh sis

A

the body’s normal restraining function in keeping cell growth in check

programmed cell death

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36
Q

grading

A

evaluation of the degree of dedifferentiation (anaplasia), or how much the cancer cells’ original appearance has been altered

grades range from I to IV

grade I tumor is very well differentiated, closely reseming the normal tissue of origin

grade IV cells are anaplastic, or undifferentiated, so that it is difficult to recognize what might be the original tissue

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37
Q

progression of skin cancer

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Cell mutation
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Dysplasia
  5. Carcinoma in situ
  6. Invasive cancer
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38
Q

staging

A

determines the size and spread (metastasis) of a cancer from its original site

uses the TNM system:

T = size of the tumor

N = number of lymph nodes involved

M = presence of distant metastases

ex: T1N2M0

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39
Q

anaplasia

A

apart from normal formation

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40
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal formation

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41
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive formation

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42
Q

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

tumor antigen used to monitor colorectal cancer

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43
Q

bas/o

A

base

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44
Q

chrondr/o

A

cartilage

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45
Q

mut/a

A

change

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46
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic

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47
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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48
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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49
Q

squam/o

A

scale

50
Q

semin/i

A

semen

51
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal muscle

52
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle

53
Q

astr/o

A

star

54
Q

cachexia

A

weight loss, weakness, and anorexia

55
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule and enlarges peripherally, developing a central crater that erodes, crusts, and bleeds

rarely metastasizes but destroys underlying and adjacent tissue

primarily caused by chronic excessive exposure to the sun or radiation

56
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

a cancerous, multifocal neoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells beginning as soft brownish papules on the feet, spreading slowly in the skin, and metastasizing to the lymph nodes and viscera

associated with diabetes, malignant lymphoma, and AIDS

57
Q

cystadenoma

A

most common benign tumor in the pancreas

58
Q

nephroblastoma

A

a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring mostly in children under age 5

AKA Wilms tumor

59
Q

seminoma

A

form of malignant germ cell tumor that develops from the cells that form sperm

60
Q

Paget disease of the breast

A

malignant neoplasm occurring in the female reproductive system

61
Q

teratoma

A

tumor composed of different kinds of tissue, none of which normally occur together or at the site of the tumor

most common in the ovaries or testes

62
Q

thymoma

A

only benign cancer of the blood, lymph, and immune systems

63
Q

cardiac myxosarcoma

A

rare cancer of the heart that usually originates in the left atrium

64
Q

hemangiosarcoma

A

rare cancer of the cells that line the blood vessels

65
Q

atrial myxoma

A

a benign growth usually occurring on the interatrial septum

66
Q

hemangioma

A

noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels

67
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor arising from glial cells

68
Q

medulloblastoma

A

malignant cancer of the cerebellum

69
Q

neuroblastoma

A

malignant nervous system cancer that usually affects children under 10

70
Q

meningioma

A

benign tumor of the meninges

71
Q

neuroma

A

benign tumor of the nerves

72
Q

neurofibroma

A

benign, fibrous tumors composed of nervous tissue

73
Q

mesothelioma

A

malignant lung cancer caused by asbestos exposure

74
Q

pulmonary hamartoma

A

benign lung neoplasm

75
Q

mucous gland adenoma

A

benign lung neoplasm

76
Q

papilloma

A

benign lung neoplasm

77
Q

tumor markers

A

measure the levels of a variety of biochemical substances detected in blood, urine, or body tissues by often appearing in higher than normal amounts in individuals with certain neoplasms

78
Q

CA125

A

tumor marker for ovarian cancer detection and management

79
Q

alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)

A

increased levels may indicate liver or germ cell cancer

80
Q

CA15-3

A

tumor marker to monitor breast cancer, helps determine stage

81
Q

CA19-9

A

tumor marker for pancreatic, stomach, and bile duct cancer

82
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

increased levels may be due to BPH or prostatic cancer

83
Q

stereotactic (3-D) mammography

A

can be used for an image-guided needle biopsy of the breast

84
Q

computed tomography (CT) scans

A

provide info about a tumor’s size, shape, location, and blood supply

useful in staging cancer and guiding needles for biopsy

85
Q

magenetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

offers 3-D images, especially useful for areas of the body that are difficult to image such as the CNS

86
Q

needle aspiration biopsy

A

enables specialist to examine cells with minimal invastion, either by removing a core of tissue from an organ/mass, or by removing free cells from a fluid-filled cavity

87
Q

nuclear scans

A

can locate and stage cancer of the thyroid and bone

88
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

provide data about an internal structure’s shape, size, and metabolism

esp with brain, colon, rectum, ovary, and lung

89
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

useful in determining metastases to the bone

90
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

used to evaluate cancer of the prostate, colon, breast, ovaries, and melanoma

91
Q

CAUTION criteria

A

developed by the American Cancer Society

Change in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that does not heal

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, elsewhere

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

Obvious change in the size, shape, color, or thickness of a wart/mole/mouth sore

Nagging cough or hoarseness

92
Q

ABCDE Rule

A

Asymmetry

Border jagged

Color changes

Diameter larger than 1/4”

Elevation above the skin with uneven surface

93
Q

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

when cancer cells appear only at the original site and have not invaded the organ of origin

severe dysplasia

94
Q

simple mastectomy

A

removal of the breast containing the cancer

95
Q

en bloc resection

A

removal of the cancer and lymph nodes

96
Q

radical mastectomy

A

removal of the breast containing the cancer, along with the lymph nodes and muscle under the breast

97
Q

lymph node dissection

A

removal of clinically involved lymph nodes

98
Q

margin resection

A

margins are borders of normal tissue surrounding the cancer

99
Q

radiotherapy

A

destroys the nuclei of the cancer cells so that they have no ability to reproduce and spread

given to about half of all cancer patients

100
Q

brachytherapy

A

delivers radiation directly to the cancer through the use of either needles or “seeds” containing radioactive gold, cobalt, or radium

101
Q

chemotherapy

A

circulation of cancer-destroying medicine throughout the body, used alone or in conjunction with another kind of treatment

102
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

delivers bone marrow from a matching donor to patients who are incapable of producing healthy blood cells on their own

donor bone marrow stimualtes normal blood cell growth

103
Q

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

disease in which host’s immune system rejects donor tissue

104
Q

immunotherapy

A

therapy that attempts to use the body’s own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells

interferons, monoclonal antibodies, and colony-stimulating factors can combat chemotherapy side effects

interleukins stimulate the immune system to destroy tumors

Tc cells are cytotoxic T lymphocytes which are responsible for attacking cancer host cells

105
Q

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

A

prayer, exercise, massage, and mind-body techniques

106
Q

AML

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

107
Q

BSE

A

breast self-examination

108
Q

bx

A

biopsy

109
Q

CA

A

cancer

110
Q

CA27-29

A

tumor marker to check for recurrence of breast cancer

111
Q

CLL

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

112
Q

G

A

grade

113
Q

mets

A

metastases

114
Q

NSCLC

A

non-small cell lung cancer

115
Q

Tc

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

116
Q

TCC

A

transitional cell carcinoma

117
Q

TNM

A

tumor-nodes-metastases

118
Q

TSE

A

testicular self-examination

119
Q
A
120
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

a highly malignant tumor that is derived from primitive striated muscle cells

occurs most commonly in the head and the neck

121
Q
A

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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