13. Mental and Behavioral Health Flashcards
thym/o, psych/o
mind
iatr/o
treatment
akathisia
inability to remain calm, still, and free of anxiety
anhedonia
absence of the ability to experience either pleasure or joy, even in the face of causative events
catatonia
paralysis or immobility from psychological or emotional rather than physical causes
confabulation
effort to conceal a gap in memory by fabricating detailed, often believable stories
defense mechanism
unconscious mechanism for psychological coping, adjustment, or self-preservation in the face of stress or a threat
ex: denial of an unpleasant situation/condition and projection of intolerable aspects onto another individual
delirium
condition of confused, unfocused, irrational agitation
in mental disorders, agitation and confusion may also be accompanied by a more intense disorientation, incoherence, or fear, and illusions, hallucinations, and delusions
delusion
persistent belief in a demonstrable untruth or a provable inaccurate perception despite clear evidence to the contrary
dementia
mental disorder in which the individual experiences a progressive loss of memory, personality alterations, confusion, loss of touch with relaity, and stupor (seeming unawareness of, and disconnection with, one’s surroundings)
echolalia
repitition of words or phrases spoken by others
hallucination
any unreal sensory perception that occurs with no external cause
may be visual or auditory
illusion
inaccurate sensory perception based on a real stimulus
ex: mirages or interpreting music/wind as voices
libido
normal psychological impulse drive associated with sensuality, expressions of desire, or creativity
abnormality only occurs when such drives are excessively heightened or depressed
psychosis
disassociation with or impaired perception of reality
may be accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, incoherence, akathisia, and/or disorganized behavior
somnambulism
sleepwalking
anxiety
anticipation of impending danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and breathing difficulty not associated with any apparent stimulus
dysphoria
generalized negative mood characterized by depression
euphoria
exaggerated sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality, disproportionate to the cause, or inappropriate to the situation
euthymia
normal range of moods and emotions
Asperger disorder
disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction and repetitive patterns of inappropriate behavior
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
series of syndromes that includes impulsiveness, inability to concentrate, and short attention span
autism
a continuum of abnormal development of social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors.
conduct disorder
any of a number of disorders characterized by patterns of persistent aggressive and defiant behaviors
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), an example of a conduct disorder, is characterized by hostile, disobedient behavior
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD),
an example of a conduct disorder
characterized by hostile, disobedient behavior
mental retardation (MR)
condition of subaverage intellectual ability, with impairments in social and educational functioning
the “intelligence quotient” (IQ) is a measure of an individual’s intellectual functioning compared with the general population
- Mild: IQ range of 50-69; learning difficulties result
- Moderate: IQ range of 35-49; support needed to function in society
- Severe: IQ range of 20-34; continuous need of support to live in society
- Profound: IQ <20; severe self-care limitations
Rett disorder
condition characterized by initial normal functioning followed by loss of social and intellectual functioning
Tourette syndrome
group of involuntary behaviors that includes the vocalization of words or sounds (sometimes obscene) and repetitive movements
vocal and multiple tic disorder
acute intoxication
episode of behavioral disturbance following ingestion of alcohol or psychotropic drugs
delirium tremens (DT)
acute and sometimes fatal delirium induced by the cessation of ingesting excessive amounts of alcohol over a long period of time
dependence syndrome
difficulty controlling use of a substance
harmful use
difficulty in controlling use of a drug
causes damage to one’s health
tolerance
state in which the body becomes accustomed to the substances ingested
the user requires greater amounts to create the desired effect
withdrawal state
group of symptoms that occurs during the cessation of the use of a regularly taken drug
schizophrenia
any of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by mood disturbances, language and communication disturbances, distorted sense of self and relationship to the external world, disorganized and fragmented thinking, and gross distortion of reality, including hallucinations, delusions, and loosening of associations
catatonic schizophrenia
involves symptoms that alternate b/w extremes such as kyperkinesis and stupor
may be accompanied by a dream-like state and hallucinations
disorganized schizophrenia
involves prominent affective changes; feleting, fragmentary delusions, and hallucinations; and irresponsible and unpredictable behavior involving shallow, inappropriate mood, flighty thoughts, social isolation, and incoherent speech
paranoid schizophrenia
characterized by relatively stable, paranoid delusions, often involving auditory hallucinations and perceptual disturbances in affect (emotional range), volition (will), and speech
shizotypal disorder
exhibit none of the effects of the other schizophrenic anomalies but may exhibit anhedonia, eccentric behavior, cold affect, and social isolation
bipolar disorder
disorder characterized by swings b/w an elevation of mood, increased energy and activity (hypomania and mania), and a lowering of mood and decreased energy and activity (depression)
formerly termed manic depression
cyclothymia
disorder characterized by recurring episodes of mild elation and depression that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of bipolar disorder
depressive disorder
depression typically characterized by its degree (minimal, moderate, or severe) or number of occurrences (single, recurrent, or persistent)
patient exhibits dysphoria, reduction of energy, and decrease in activity
symptoms include anhedonia, fatigue, parasomnias, diminished appetite, and loss of self-esteem
dysthymia
mild, chronic depression of mood that lasts for years but is not severe enough to justify a diagnosis of depression
hypomania
disorder characterized by an inappropriate elevation of mood that may include positive and negative aspects
patient may report increased feelings of well-being, energy, and activity, but may also report irritability and conceit
persistent mood disorders
group of long-term, cyclic mood disorders in which the majority of the individual episodes are not sufficiently severe to warrant being described as hypomanic or mild depressive episodes
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
weather-induced depression resulting from decreased exposure to sunlight in autumn and winter
acrophobia
condition of fear of heights
agoraphobia
condition of fear of leaving home and entering crowded places
anthropophobia
condition of fear of scrutiny by other people
AKA social phobia
claustrophobia
condition of fear of enclosed spaces
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
one of the most common diagnoses assigned, but not specific to any particular situation or circumstance
symptoms may include persistent nervousness, trembling, muscular tensions, sweating, lightheadedness, palpitations, dizziness, and epigastric discomfort
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
characterized by recurrent, distressing, and unavoidable preoccupations or irresistible drives to perform specific rituals that the patient feels will prevent some harmful effect
panic disorder (PD)
recurrent, unpredictable attacks of severe anxiety (panic) that is not restricted to any particular situation
symptoms incude vertigo, chest pain, and palpitations
zoophobia
zoh oh foh bee ah
condition of fear of animals
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
extended emotional response to a traumatic event
symptoms include flashbacks, recurring nightmares, anhedonia, insomnia, hypervigilance, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and emotional blunting
adjustment disorder
disorder that tends to manifest during periods of stressful life changes (e.g., death, divorce, relocation, job loss)
symptoms include anxiety, impaired coping mechanisms, social dysfunction, and a reduced ability to perform normal daily activities
dissociative identity disorder
maladaptive coping with severe stress by developing one or more separate personalities
dissociative disorder
a less severe form of dissociative identity disorder that results in identity confusion accompanied by amnesia, a dreamlike state, and somnambulism
somatoform disorder
any disorder that has unfounded physical complaints by the patient, despite medical assurance that no physiologic problem exists
ex: hypochondriacal disorder, the preoccupation with the possibility of having one or more serious and progressive physical disorders
kleptomania
uncontrollable impulse to steal
pyromania
uncontrollable impulse to set fires
trichtillomania
uncontrollable impulse to pull one’s hair out by the roots
anorexia nervosa
prolonged refusal to eat adequate amounts of food and an altered perception of what constitutes a normal minimum body weight caused by an intense fear of becoming obese
primarily affects adolescent females
emaciation and amenhorrhea result
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which the individual eats large quantities of food and then purges the body through self-induced vomiting or inappropriate use of laxatives
dyssomnia
difficulty with the sleep-wake cycle
ex: insomnia, hypersomnia
parasomnia
abnormal activation of physiologic functions during the sleep cycle
ex: sleep terrors in which repeated episodes of sudden awakening are accompanied by intense anxiety, agitation, and amnesia
hypoactive sexual disorder
indifference or unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli
inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse
formerly called frigidity
nymphomania
relentless drive to achieve sexual orgasm in the female
satyriasis
sat tih RYE ah sis
relentless drive to achieve sexual orgasm in the male
premature ejaculation
involuntary, anxiety-induced ejaculation of semen during sexual activity
sexual anhedonia
inability to enjoy sexual pleasure
exhibitionism
condition in which the patient derives sexual arousal from the exposure of his or her genitals to strangers
fetishism
reliance on an object as a stimulus for sexual arousal and pleasure
pedophilia
sexual preference, either in fantasy or actuality, for children as a means of achieving sexual excitement and gratification
sadomasochism
preference for sexual activity that involves inflicting or receiving pain and/or humiliation
voyeurism
condition in which an individual derives sexual pleasure and gratification from surreptitiously looking at individuals engaged in intimate behavior
borderline personality disorder
disorder characterized by impulsive, unpredictable mood and self-image, resulting in unstable interpersonal relationships and a tendency to see and respond to others as unwaveringly good or evil
dissocial personality disorder
disorder in which the patient shows a complete lack of interest in social obligations, to the extreme of showing antipathy for other individuals
patients frustrate easily, are quick to display aggression, show a tendency to blame others, and do not change their behavior even after punishment
paranoid personality disorder
state in which the individual exhibits inappropriately suspicious thinking, self-importance, a lack of ability to forgive perceived insults, and an extreme sense of personal rights
schizoid personality disorder
skit zoyd
condition in which the patient withdraws into a fantasy world, with little need for social interaction
most patients have a limited capacity to experience pleasure or to express their feelings
paraphilia
condition of abnormal attraction
kathis/o
sitting
cata-
down
orex/o
appetite
ton/o
tension
claustr/o
a closing
nymph/o
woman
phor/o
to carry, to bear
-mania
condition of madness
pol/o
pole
man/o
madness
-lalia
condition of babbling
mental status examination
a diagnostic procedure to determine a patient’s current mental state
Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF)
assesses a patient’s overall function
results in a numerical score
Bender Gestalt test
measures visuomotor and spatial capabilities
Draw-a-Person (DAP) test
analyzes the patient’s drawings of male and female individuals
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
assesses personality characteristics through a battery of forced-choice questions
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
analyzes stories patients are asked to make up about the pictures they are shown
provides information about needs, fantasies, and interpersonal relationships
Rorschach inkblots
used to determine the patient’s ability to integrate intellectual and emotional factors in his or her perception of the environment
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
used to measure verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full-scale IQ
PET scan
an imaging procedure used to examine and map the metabolic activity of the brain
behavioral therapy
therapeutic attempt to alter an undesired behavior by substituting a new response or set of responses to a given stimulus
cognitive therapy
wide variety of treatment techniques that attempt to help the individual alter inaccurate or unhealthy perceptions and patterns of thinking
psychoanalysis
behavioral treatment developed initially by Sigmund Freud to analyze and treat any dysfunctional effects of unconscious factors on a patient’s mental state
uses techniques that include analysis of defense mechanisms and dream interpretation
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
prevent the presynaptic neuron from taking serotonin back up, thereby increasing the amount of serotonin available in the synapse
detoxification
removal of a chemical substance (drug or alcohol) as an initial step in treatment of a chemically dependent individual
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
method of inducing convulsions to treat affective disorders in patients who have been resistant or unresponsive to drug therapy
light therapy
exposure of the body to light waves to treat patients with depression due to seasonal fluctuations
O x 1
oriented to time
O x 2
orientation to time and place
O x 3
oriented to time, place, and person
O x 4
oriented to time, place, person, and objects
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV)
Revised every 10 years
- Axis I: Clinical Disorders
- Axis II: Personality Disorders and/or Mental Retardation
- Axis III: General Medical Conditions
- Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
- Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF)
