Quizlet- Respiratory System Flashcards
Function of the respiratory system
Supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
Region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
Nasopharynx
Common passageway for air and food and descends to point of separation of esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
Protects the opening into the larynx, by flipping up or down with swallowing or breathing
Epiglottis
Located in the oropharynx and protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route
Palatine Tonsils (tonsils)
The inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
- Starts below the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage
- Adams apple, cricoid cartilage, upper pair of vocal chords
- False pair, lower pair of vocal chords
- True vocal chords, Glottis
- True vocal chords and the space between them
Larynx
Nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, into trachea
Upper respiratory tract
Contains resident flora, air is warmed and moistened as passed through nasal cavity (when air is passed through the mouth, it is not warmed, moistened or filtered)
Nose and nasal passages
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Lined by respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified columnar epithelium which has goblet cells and cilia; mucous traps debris and cilia sweeps it away
Paranasal sinuses
Posterior wall of nasopharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids-lymphoid tissue)
Nasopharynx
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Lower respiratory tract
- Begins at inferior border of larynx, ends at level of T5 where it bifurcates
- This bifurcation radiographically is called the carina and corresponds to the level of T4 and T5
- Composed of rings of cartilage, smooth muscle and elastic tissue
- Air proceeds from the trachea to the right and left bronchus
Trachea (Windpipe)
Larger and straighter so more likely destination for any aspirated material
Right Bronchus
Where bronchus enters lung
Hilum
Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
Bronchial tree
Become smaller cartilage rings diminish and smooth muscle increases allows contraction and relaxation
Bronchi
- Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
- Contain macrophages which remove foreign debris that penetrates them
Alveoli
Two cone shaped spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
Lungs
Located in the center of the chest between the lungs, which contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus and trachea
Mediastinum
A dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs
Diaphragm
Lung Lobes
3 in right lung
2 in left lung
Double-layered (walled) serous membrane (sac) that encloses and protects each lung
Pleural Membrane
Attached to the surface (outside) of the lung
Visceral Pleura
Outer layer of pleura attached to the ribs and chest wall and diaphragm
Parietal Pleura
Separates visceral and parietal pleura, contains small amount of fluid
Pleural Cavity
Ribs, vertebrae, sternum, providing rigid protection for the lungs
Thorax Consists
Ribs
12 pairs
2 Floating T11 T12
Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right main-stem bronchi T4-T5
Carina
- 2nd most common type of cancer in both men and women
- Leading cause of cancer related deaths in both men and women
- Most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco exposure
- 87% of lung cancer cases are a result of smoking tobacco (American Cancer Society)
- Most people diagnosed are 65 or older
- Spouses of smokers have a 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer compared with nonsmokers
- 30% of all Cancer related deaths are associated with smoking tobacco
Lung Cancer
Cancerous tumor originating in a bronchial epithelium most common type malignant lung tumor
Brochogenic carcinoma
No small cell lung cancer- NSCLC
80-85% of lung cancer
Develops near the hilum and projects into the airways
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
The most common cancer of the general population, especially in women who are non-smokers. It is located periphery with tumor cells forming gland-like structures.
Adenocarcinoma of the lung
Oat cell (rapidly growing)
10-15% of lung cancers
Rare for anyone who has never smoked
Very poor prognosis- usually receive prophylactic cranial irradiation
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
A tumor of the pulmonary apex
Top end of the right or left lung
Most are NSCLC
Pancoast Tumor
Cause: Superior vena cava obstruction- increase venous pressure
- Produces edema of the upper body, cyanosis, dilated subcutaneous collateral vessels in the chest, and headache. Cervical lymphadenopathy may also be present as a result of either stasis or metastatic involvement
SVC Syndrome
More than 90% is d/t malignancy
#1 bronchogenic carcinoma- invasion of SVC 70%
#2 Lymphoma
#3 Substernal thyroid or thoracic aortic aneurysm
Others: iatrogenically by indwelling catheters
SVC Syndrome
Types of Pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
Pertaining to the lobes; diseased state of the lung affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.
Lobar Pneumonia
A localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli
Bronchopneumonia
Inflammatory process predominantly involving the walls and lining of the alveoli, its septa, and interstitial supporting structures
Interstitial Pneumonia
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breath, characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in the airways of the lungs
(Examples: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Smoking)
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
Atelectasis
Sneezing, coughing, sputum, irregular breathing patterns and sounds, Dyspnea, Cyanosis, pleural pain, fiction rub, clubbed fingers changes in the arterial gases
Manifestations of respiratory disease
Inhaling liquid or solid material into the lungs or withdrawing fluid or tissue from a cavity or organ
Aspiration
Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract
Sputum
The removal of fluid from the pleural cavity using a needle
Thoracentesis
Dyspnea (difficulty to breath) that occurs when a person is lying down
Orthopnea
An incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing
Tracheotomy
- Compression such as a tumor pressing on part of the lung preventing air from entering that section of the lung
- Obstructive/Re-absorption so that air is not replaced
- Pulmonary edema preventing expansion of the lung
- Fibrotic tissue in the lungs or pleural restricted expansion
- Post surgical distress resulting in restricted ventilation due to pain or abdominal distention, slow shallow respiration due to anesthetics and analgesics, increase secretions due to the supine position and decreased cough effort
Possible cause of atelectasis
Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages
Stridor
Insufficient O2 in the arterial blood
Hypoxemia
Light bubbly crackling sounds associated with serous secretions
Rales
Decreased or insufficient O2 levels in the tissue
Hypoxia
Deeper harsher sounds resulting from thicker mucus
Rhonchi
Drugs that induce vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa and reduce edema
Decongestants
Bifurcation of the two main bronchi in the trachea
Carina
Blood tinged frothy sputum. Associated with pulmonary edema
Hemoptysis
A non-aeration or collapse of the lung of part of lung
Atelectasis
Drugs that reduce cough reflex
Anti-tussive
Normal breathing pattern
Eupnea
Drugs that create thing respiratory secretions for easy removal (cough up)
Expectorants
Abnormally slow breathing rate; less than 12 breaths per minute, deeper that regular breath
Bradypnea
Cessation of breathing
Apnea
Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
Pneumothorax
Rapid superficial breathing, regular or irregular rhythm
Tachypnea
Blood in the pleural cavity; seen in pneumonia tuberculosis, or carcinoma
Hemothorax
Whistling sound indicating obstruction in the small airways
Wheezing
Accumulation of fluid leaking from a blood vessel into cavity
- Pleural effusion is the presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
Effusion
