84 - BMI and Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Question 1

BMI definition

Answer 1

Weight (kg)/(height in meters)^2

Question 2

Normal BMI

Answer 2

18.5 - 25

Question 3

BMI in children

Answer 3

25 is normal for adults, but obese for children.

Need to adjust BMI for age.

Question 4

BMI below which is fatal

Answer 4

~12

Question 5

Ways in which body fat can be estimated
1
2
3

Answer 5

1) Calliper measurements of skin fold
2) Body density by immersion in water
3) Bioelectric impedance (fat people are better electrical insulators)

Question 6

Name for body only using protein structurally once there is enough energy from fats, carbs to supply BMR

Answer 6

Protein sparing

Question 7

Effect of long-term starvation on gut

Answer 7

Vili are degraded and used for energy

Question 8

Kwashiokor

Answer 8

Moderate energy deficit with severe protein deficit.

Leads to oedema with maintenance of subcutaneous fat tissue

Question 9

Marasmus

Answer 9

Severe energy and protein deficit.

Skin and bone appear with little or no subcutaneous fat tissue.

Question 10

Name for condition of protein deficiency

Answer 10

Kwashiokor

Question 11

Name for condition of extreme malnutrition

Answer 11

Marasmus

Question 12

Why is Kwashiokor more severe in Africa?

Answer 12

Aspergillius fungus less well controlled.

Aflatoxin damages liver, reduces amount of serum albumin.

Question 13

What happens in first 3 days of fasting?

Answer 13

Protein broken down for gluconeogenesis

Question 14

When does fat begin to be broken down in fasting?

Answer 14

After 3 days

Question 15

Part of fat used for gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

Glycerol

Question 16

Why can people who are starving die if eat too much food at once?

Answer 16

Have undergone total villous atrophy in intestine. If feed too much food, gut bacteria flourish, person becomes septicaemic.

Question 17

Age in which lactose-intolerant populations lose lactase enzyme

Answer 17

Age 4

Question 18

Nitrogen balance
1
2
3

Answer 18

Positive: during growth more is consumed than excreted
Neutral: Nitrogen in = nitrogen out
Negative: More is excreted than consumed. This occurs in starvation, burns victims, post–operative patients and AIDs patients.

Question 19

Cachexia

Answer 19

An extreme example of the loss of muscular and adipose tissue in terminal illness. The condition is caused in part by high levels of TNF-a (also called cachectin).