81 - Vitamins, Water- and Fat-soluble

Question 1

Alternative name for NAD and NADP

Answer 1

Niacin

Question 2

Alternative name for Thiamin

Answer 2

TP

Question 3

Alternative name for FAD, FMN

Answer 3

Riboflavin

Question 4

Alternative name for vitamin B6

Answer 4

Pantothenic acid

Question 5

Alternative name for pantothenic acid

Answer 5

CoA

Question 6

Role of thiamin (B1)

1-3

Answer 6

1) Coenzyme in decarboxylation
2) Carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism
3) Nerve function

Question 7

Sources of B1

Answer 7

Wholemeal breads

Question 8

Effect of B1 deficiency

1-3

Answer 8

1) Rapid onset (have small B1 stores)
2) Develop beriberi
3) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholics

Question 9

Very important reaction mediated by thiamin (B1)

Answer 9

Converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA (acetyl CoA to begin Kreb’s cycle)

Question 10

Organ particularly affected by beriberi

Answer 10

Liver (becomes necrotic)

Question 11

How does wet beriberi arise?

Answer 11

Liver becomes necrotic, serum albumin production drops, pitting oedema arises

Question 12

Most common nutritional defect in Australia

Answer 12

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (thiamin deficiency affecting nervous system)

Question 13

Clinical sign of riboflavin deficiency

Answer 13

Sore, swollen, oedematous, magenta-coloured tongue

Question 14

Role of riboflavin

Answer 14

Cofactor in specific redox reactions, EG in the Kreb’s cycle

Question 15

Role of niacin (B3 or nicotinic acid)
1
2

Answer 15

1) Electron carrier (NAD, NADP)

2) Carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism

Question 16

Effect of B3 deficiency

Answer 16

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death)

Question 17

Role of vitamin B6

Answer 17

Amino acid metabolism

Question 18

Sources of B6

Answer 18

Nuts, bananas

Question 19

Effect of B6 deficiency

Answer 19

Rare.
Can be reduced be excessive oestrogen levels (EG with very early contraceptive pills)
Need depends on protein intake

Question 20

Role of biotin
1
2

Answer 20

1) Adding CO2

2) Glucose, fat, amino acid synthesis

Question 21

Food sources of biotin

1-3

Answer 21

1) Brewer’s yeast
2) Cooked egg yolk
3) Soy beans

Question 22

Clinical effect of biotin deficiency

Answer 22

Skin of hands is shiny, dry, scaly.

Question 23

Role of folate

Answer 23

‘One carbon’ metabolism (EG amino acids, fat, purines for DNA synthesis)

Question 24

Sources of folate

Answer 24

Green vegetables

Liver

Question 25

Demographic in which folate deficiency is common

Answer 25

Elderly | Chronic alcoholics

Question 26

Effects of folate deficiency | 1-3

Answer 26

1) Macrocytic anaemia 2) Neural tube defects (spina bifida) 3) Glossitis (with papillae atrophy, leaving a shiny surface)

Question 27

What can lead to spina bifida?

Answer 27

Folate deficiency in pregnancy

Question 28

Possible negative side-effect of public increase in folate intake

Answer 28

Increase in incidence of cancer (folate assists with rapidly-replicating cells)

Question 29

Role of vitamin B12

Answer 29

Folate metabolism | Transalkylation

Question 30

Food sources of B12

Answer 30

Meat Egg yolk Cheese

Question 31

Effect of B12 deficiency

Answer 31

``` Neurological disorders Pernicious anaemia (yellow tint to skin, prematurely blonde or grey hair) ```

Question 32

Unusual component of B12

Answer 32

Cobalt (hence 'cobalmin')

Question 33

Necessary factor for B12 absorption

Answer 33

Intrinsic factor. | Produced by parietal cells of the stomach

Question 34

Ways in which B12 deficiency can arise

Answer 34

Dietary | Intrinsic factor defect

Question 35

Role of vitamin C | 1-4

Answer 35

1) Cofactor in collagen synthesis 2) Neurotransmitter metabolism 3) Iron absorption 4) Antioxidant

Question 36

Food sources of vitamin C

Answer 36

Citrus fruits | Cabbage

Question 37

Alternative name for vitamin C

Answer 37

Ascorbic acid

Question 38

Manner in which people with scurvy die

Answer 38

Collagen in arteries breaks down

Question 39

What is vitamin A derived from?

Answer 39

Beta carotene

Question 40

Where is vitamin A stored?

Answer 40

Liver

Question 41

Roles of vitamin A 1 2

Answer 41

1) Retinal (important for vision) | 2) Retinol important in epithelial growth (healthy skin and eyes - corneal epithelium)

Question 42

From what is vitamin D derived from?

Answer 42

Cholesterol

Question 43

What does vitamin D require for synthesis?

Answer 43

UV

Question 44

Role of vitamin D

Answer 44

Ca2+ regulation (particularly absorption from the gut) and bone development

Question 45

Effect of vitamin D deficiency

Answer 45

Rickets in the young. | Osteomalacia in adults.

Question 46

Organs in which vitamin D is synthesised

Answer 46

Skin then the liver

Question 47

Why is it essential to consume Ca2+?

Answer 47

Lose about 1g per day through kidneys

Question 48

Effect of excessive vitamin D

Answer 48

Calcification of the kidneys

Question 49

Role of vitamin E

Answer 49

Antioxidant. | Inserts into membranes and intercepts free radicals

Question 50

Where is vitamin E found?

Answer 50

Seed oils

Question 51

Role of vitamin K

Answer 51

Important in blood clotting. Activated thrombin causes fibrinogen to convert to fibrin and form a blood clot. Inadequate clotting leads to haemorrhage.

Question 52

Source of vitamin K

Answer 52

Gut flora make a lot of vitamin K