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1 - PBS2 > 14 - Overview of Brainstem Organisation > Flashcards

14 - Overview of Brainstem Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Proportion of CNS represented by the brainstem in lower animals

A

~90%

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2
Q

How can anencephalic babies survive for a few days?

A

Brainstem is intact

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3
Q

Broad functions of brainstem

A

Reflexive and unconscious behaviour. Modulation of various arousal and conscious states

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4
Q

Three regions of brainstem

A

Mid-brain (most rostral) Pons Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Where in the skull is the brainstem located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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6
Q

Extension of the brainstem

A

(Rostral) Mammillary bodies to (caudally) pyramidal decussation

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7
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

Where white fibre tracts involved in motor function cross over.

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8
Q

Gross physical characteristics of midbrain (dorsal)

A

Has two pairs of bumps called the superior and inferior colliculi.

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9
Q

Gross physical characteristics of pon (dorsal)

A

1) Linked with cerebellum 2) Limited by the 4th ventricle 3) Along floor of 4th ventricle are the facial colliculi formed by the abducens nucleus and fibres of SN VII

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10
Q

Role of superior colliculi

A

Eye movements

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11
Q

Role of inferior colliculi

A

Relay station for hearing

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12
Q

Location of 4th ventricle

A

Between pons and cerebellum

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13
Q

Gross physical characteristics of medulla (dorsal)

A

Caudally: dorsal columns and nuclei (gracile and cuneate tubercle).

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14
Q

Gross physical characteristics of midbrain (ventral)

A

Cerebral peduncles (between interpeduncular fossa)

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15
Q

Gross physical characteristics of pons (ventral)

A

Attached to cerebellum dorsolaterally by cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior)

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16
Q

Gross physical characteristics of medulla (ventral)

A

Rostral: Two bulges - inferior olivary nuclei Pyramids descending to the pyramidal decussation

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17
Q

Role of inferior olivary nuclei

A

Location of a sound in space

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18
Q

Four important brainstem structures

A

1) Cranial nerve nuclei and related structures 2) Reticular formation and related structures 3) Long fibre tracts 4) Cerebellar circuitary

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19
Q

Role of reticular formation

A

Important in complex reflexes (eg: sneezing, vomiting)

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20
Q

Tectum

A

‘Roof’ Roof of the 4th ventricle.

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21
Q

Tegmentum

A

‘Covering’ Region of the brainstem that is continuous with the spinal cord.

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22
Q

Three broad regions of mid-brain

A

Tectum, tegmentum and basis

23
Q

Broad regions of pons

A

Tegmentum (dorsally) and a lot of basis (ventrally)

24
Q

Generalised role of basis

A

Descending motor control

25
Q

Generalised role of tegmentum

A

Like the spinal cord. Cranial nerves. Reticular formation.

26
Q

General types of nerves emerging from the spinal cord

A

General somatic nerves (innervate skeletal muscle, skin) General visceral nerves (innervate viscera)

27
Q

Where do spinal nerves end?

A

C2

28
Q

Role of cranial nerves 1 2

A

1) Supply somatic and visceral motor and sensory information to head. 2) NIX & X-also supply visceral sensory and motor innervation to neck, chest and most abdominal organs.

29
Q

Number of pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

30
Q

Order in which cranial nerves exit brainstem

A

In numerical order (rostral to caudal)

31
Q

Orientation in which cranial nerves exit brainstem

A

Most exit ventral surface except IV

32
Q

Exclusively motor cranial nerves

A

III, IV, VI control eye movements. XI, XII

33
Q

Exclusively sensory cranial nerves

A

I, II, VIII

34
Q

Mixed sensory and motor cranial nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X

35
Q

Rule of 4 for cranial nerves 1 2 3

A

1) 4 cranial nerves exit the medulla * CNIX-XII 2) 4 exit the pons * CNV, VI, VII, VIII 3) 4 exit above the pons * CNIII, IV

36
Q

Organisation of motor and sensory parts of brainstem

A

Similar to spinal cord. Dorsal part is sensory. Ventral part is motor.

37
Q

Effect of motor nuclei developing from basal plate

A

Located at the midline

38
Q

Broad locations of motor and sensory cranial nerves

A

Sensory are lateral. Motor and in midline.

39
Q

*Columns within which cranial nerves sit in brainstem

A
40
Q

Role of general somatic efferent motor nerves

A

Innervate muscle of the face

41
Q

Role of general visceral efferent cranial nerves

A

For visceral smooth muscle

42
Q

General and special visceral afferent cranial nerves

A

EG: taste

43
Q

Role of general somatic sensory cranial nerves

A

Sensory information from face

44
Q

Location of all cranial nerve cell bodies

A

Dorsal half of brainstem, near 4th ventricle

45
Q

What is in the ventral half of brainstem?

A

White matter dorsal tracts of sensory nerves

46
Q

Location of reticular formation

A

Continuous rostrally with certain nuclei in the thalamus. Continuous caudally with intermediate grey of the spinal cord. Within the tegmentum of the brainstem

47
Q

Broad divisions of the reticular formation

A

Rostral and caudal halves

48
Q

Rostral reticular formation broad roles

A

Maintain alert and conscious state.

49
Q

Parts of midbrain in rostral reticular formation

A

Midbrain, upper pons

50
Q

Rostral reticular formation broad roles

A

Work together with cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord to carry out a variety of important motor reflex and autonomic functions. Modulation of forebrain activity

51
Q

What dominates caudal reticular formation activity?

A

Long projection systems Defined by neurotransmitters

52
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters of long projection system in caudal reticular formation 1 2 3 4

A

1) Noradrenergic (locus ceruleus) 2) Dopaminergic (eg substantia nigra) 3) Serotonergic (dorsal raphe nucleus) 4) Cholinergic

53
Q

Examples of caudal reticular formation functions 1 2 3 4 5 6

A

Ventrolateral medullary reticular formation 1) Regulate visceral functions of X (Vagus). 2) GI responses (swallowing, vomiting) 3) Respiratory activities: *Rhythm, coughing, hiccupping, sneezing. *Cardiovascular responses Other regions: 4) Lateral medullary, pontine RF 5) Important for chewing 6) Region surrounding facial nucleus: crying, smiling

54
Q

Three major pathways traversing brainstem

A

Ascending pathways: (ie touch and pain) 1. Dorsal column - medial lemniscus system * Fine touch-tactile, vibration * Crosses in medulla (medial lemniscus) 2. Anterolateral system (pain) * Crosses in spinal cord * Three pathways each terminating in different region. * Thalamus, midbrain, reticular formation 3. Descending pathway: corticospinal tract * Controls motor function * Crosses at pyramidal decussation (most-caudal part of brainstem) * Descends through ventral brainstem

1 - PBS2 (96 decks)

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