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1 - PBS2 > 1 - Introduction to Functional Organisation of the CNS > Flashcards

1 - Introduction to Functional Organisation of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Can CT and MRI distinguish between grey and white matter?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Imaging type that can visualise only white matter

A

Diffusion weighted MRI

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3
Q

*Orientations of primate brain

A

BRAIN DIRECTIONS

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4
Q

Name for fissure between lobes of brain

A

Longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

Name for ridges of the cerebrum

A

Gyri/gyrus

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6
Q

Name for grooves in cerebrum

A

Sulci/sulcus

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7
Q

Organisation of the cerebral cortex

A

Four divisions (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital. Not functionally very useful distinctions.

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8
Q

Brain areas based on cellular differences

A

Brodmann areas. Largely functionally significant

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9
Q

*Which kind of brain imaging produced this image?

A

PET scan

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10
Q

What determines the histological layered structure of the brain?

A

Different neuron morphologies

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11
Q

Proportion of brain’s neurons in the cerebellum

A

~70% of all neurons in brain

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12
Q

Basic role of the cerebellum

A

Compares what your body wishes to do (in terms of movement) with what the muscles are actually doing. Makes movement more smooth. Also learning motor function.

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13
Q

Location of basal ganglia

A

In telencephalon

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14
Q

Role of basal ganglia

A

Selects, initiates voluntary movements. Form loops with cortex (for execution)

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15
Q

What does damage of basal ganglia lead to?

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases. Movement disorders.

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16
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate and putamen

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17
Q

Where in the brain are the thalami?

A

Diencephalon

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18
Q

Role of thalami

A

Sensory relay between body and cortex

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19
Q

Three different ways in which thalamic nuclei can project

A
  1. Relays sensory information to specific areas of cortex 2. Relays of non-sensory information from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas of cortex 3. Project globally to cortex; arousal, sleep
20
Q

Where in the brain is the hypothalamus?

A

Below thalamus, on the ventral surface of the brain (bottom part)

21
Q

Gland hanging from the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

22
Q

Role of hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis (temperature, blood volume and pressure, ion concentration, pH, O2 and glucose)

23
Q

Role of brainstem 1 2 3 4

A

1) Facial muscles 2) Sensation from face, head 3) Cardiorespiratory control 4) Arousal, sleep/wake cycle

24
Q

*Gross organisation of the spinal cord

A
25
Q

Changes in spinal cord shape over length

A

Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions. Enlarged at lower cervical and lumbar regions (for innervation of limbs).

26
Q

*Shape of spinal cord over length

A
27
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

~L1/L2 boundary

28
Q

Organisation of spinal nerves

A

Each spinal segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

29
Q

How do spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

Each formed by dorsal and ventral roots from the spinal cord, which fuse to form spinal nerve

30
Q

Role of ventral root

A

Exclusively motor (control skeletal muscle)

31
Q

Role of dorsal root

A

Exclusively sensory.

32
Q

Location of dorsal root ganglia

A

Hidden between vertebrae

33
Q

Role of dorsal root ganglia

A

Location of cell bodies of primary sensory afferent neurons

34
Q

Organisation of neurons in dorsal root ganglia

A

Cell body location in DRG. Splits into two axons. One goes to periphery, innervates site. Other branch enters dorsal horn via dorsal root

35
Q

Composition of most peripheral nerves

A

Mixed sensory and motor axons

36
Q

Number of ventricles

A

Two lateral ventricles, one third, one fourth, cerebral aqueduct

37
Q

Clinical importance of ventricles

A

Used to orientate the brain on an MRI, CT

38
Q

What forms CSF?

A

Vascular choroid plexus. CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma.

39
Q

Where is the choroid plexus?

A

Surface of ventricles

40
Q

Where does CSF exit brain?

A

Fourth ventricle. Drains into the subarachnoid space

41
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura (thickest, outermost) Arachnoid (fibrous, middle) Pia (thinnest, innermost)

42
Q

Two extensions of meninges

A

Falx and tentorium

43
Q

Falx

A

Extension of meninges into longitudinal fissure

44
Q

Tentorium

A

Extension of meninges between cerebellum and occipital lobe

45
Q

Significance of falx and tentorium

A

Fix brain in place. If there is swelling somewhere in the brain, the brain becomes compressed, has to squeeze through a hole in the middle of tentorium

1 - PBS2 (96 decks)

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