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1 - PBS2 > 65 - Regions of the Neck > Flashcards

65 - Regions of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q 
Compartments of the neck
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4
A

1) Vertebral
2) Visceral
3) Two vascular compartments
4) Superficial fascia

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2
Q

Unique aspect of superficial fascia of neck

A

Platisma muscle blends with muscles of face, therefore shares nerve supply

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3
Q

Superficial veins of neck

A

External jugular vein (descends vertically along sternocleidomastoid from angle of mastoid).

Anterior jugular vein

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4
Q

Muscles enclosed by investing fascia

A

Sternocleidomastoid anteriorly, trapezius posteriorly

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5
Q

Contents of pretracheal fascia

A

Contains thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, trachea and oesophagus.

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6
Q

Fascia that closes pretracheal facia compartment posteriorly

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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7
Q

Extent of the pretracheal fascia

A

Extends upwards to the hyoid bone, down to the fascia of the arch of the aorta.

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8
Q

Neck anatomy leading to spread of infection

A

Parts of fascia communicate with mediastinum.

Infection can spread from mediastinum to neck

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9
Q

Triangles of the neck

A

Anterior triangle (in front of the sternocleidomastoid, below mandible)

Posterior triangle (behind sternocleidomastoid, in front of trapezius, above middle 1/3 of clavicle)

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10
Q 
Anterior vertebral muscles 
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A
  • Suprahyoid & infrahyoid muscles
  • Lie between investing fascia & pretracheal fascia
  • Act to steady or move the hyoid bone and larynx
  • Innervated by anterior rami of cervical nerves
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11
Q

Innervation of suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves

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12
Q

Role of suprahyoid muscles

A

Connect hyoid with mandible.
Make up floor of the mouth.
Elevate the hyoid in the larynx.

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13
Q

Role of infrahyoid muscles

A

‘Strap muscles’
Attach hyoid bone with the sternum, clavicle, scapula.
Depress the hyoid and larynx

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14
Q

Muscles in the anterior triangle of neck

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

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15
Q

Vessels of the anterior triangle of neck
1
2

A
  • Common carotid - passes in carotid sheath to level of C3/4 (upper border thyroid cartilage).
  • Internal carotid - no branches in neck, however contains carotid sinus & carotid body (baro & chemoreceptors, respectively).
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16
Q

Course of external carotid

A

Anterior to internal carotid.
Has three branches in front, two branches behind.

Ascends to parotid gland, where it divides into superficial temporal and maxillary.

17
Q 
Branches of the external carotid
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A

Anterior branches

1) Thyroid artery (most inferior)
2) Lingual artery
3) Facial artery (most superior)

Posterior branches

1) Posterior auricular artery
2) Occipital artery

1) Deep aspect gives off ascending pharyngeal artery

18
Q

Veins of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Internal jugular vein (lateral to artery, within carotid sheath).

Jugular foramen is at the top of the anterior triangle (with CNIX, X, XI)

19
Q

Paths of CN IX, X, XI in the neck

A

CNIX moves forward in the neck
CNX moves down
CNXI moves back

20
Q

Path of CNXI in the neck

A

Moves backwards into posterior triangle to trapezius.

21
Q

Cranial nerves of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

IX, X, XI, XII

22
Q

Cranial nerves passing forwards in neck

A

CNIX, CNXII (passes between internal and external carotids)

23
Q 
Location of the thyroid gland
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A
  • 2 lobes between upper border of thyroid cartilage above & 6th tracheal ring below
  • Isthmus, between 2nd & 3rd tracheal rings
  • Enclosed by pretracheal fascia
  • Can often have an extrapyramidal node, usually ascending upwards from the isthmus and to the left.
24
Q

Where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves run in the neck?

A

Embedded in fascia behind the thyroid gland.

Run between trachea/oesophagus and pretracheal fascia

25
Q 
What can an enlarged thyroid impact on?
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A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (hoarse voice)
Oesophagus (swallowing)
Trachea (breathing)
Internal jugular vein (venous distension)

26
Q 
Blood supply of the thyroid
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5 (a, b, c)
A

Arteries

  • Paired superior thyroid (usually 1st branch of external carotid artery)
  • Paired inferior thyroid (branch of subclavian artery, anastomose vertically and along midline)
  • Branches anastomose vertically & across midline
  • Occasional (10% of people) single thyroid ima artery passes along isthmus

Veins
3 pairs of veins:
- Superior, middle, inferior thyroid

27
Q

Development of the thyroid gland

A

Develops from an outgrowth of the pharynx.
Descends from the foramen caecum (in the tongue).
Descends through thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears later in development (but can persist, and produce thyroid hormone)

28
Q

Number of parathyroid glands

A

Four (superior and inferior on each lobe of thyroid).

Location is variable, particularly that of inferior.

29
Q

Floor of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Vertebral muscles.

Include levator scapulae, scalene muscles,

30
Q

Arteries in the posterior triangle

A

Subclavian system
Supplies upper limb, almost ½ brain, most of spinal cord (via vertebral artery) & part of thoracic wall
Main branches in neck:
•
Vertebral (normally 1st branch) – passes in triangle between longus colli & scalenus anterior
•
Thyrocervical trunk (gives off inferior thyroid to thyroid gland)

31
Q

Where do the nerves and vessels of the upper limb run in the neck?

A

Between scalenes anterior and medius

32
Q

Nerves and vessels of the upper limb running in neck

A

CNXI (runs deep to, or through sternocleidomastoid), into posterior triangle. Here it tracks along levator scapulae.

Subclavian arteries

Cervical plexus

33
Q

Path of CNXI in the neck

A

CNXI (runs deep to, or through sternocleidomastoid), into posterior triangle. Here it tracks along levator scapulae.

34
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Cervical Plexus (nerve loops from ventral rami of C1-4)

Phrenic (C3,4,5) branches

Superficial (cutaneous) branches to skin

Deep branches
- Ansa cervicalis (motor to infrahyoid muscles of neck – attach to hyoid)

Note: roots (rami) of brachial plexus (pass between scalenus medius & anterior)

35
Q

Contents of posterior triangle

A

Cervical plexus
CNXI
Subclavian arteries
Vertebral muscles make floor

36
Q 
Lymphatic drainage of neck
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A

Superficial cervical

  • Horizontal (junction of head/neck)
  • Vertical (along external jugular)

Deep cervical (along internal jugular)

  • Upper group (includes jugulo-digastric or tonsillar node – drains palatine tonsil)
  • Lower group (includes supraclavicular/jugular-omohyoid node – ‘final sentinel’ node - clinical significance)

1 - PBS2 (96 decks)

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